International Law Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Law Questions - Assignment Example The Australian and New Zealand markets permit competition in their markets. Being new target markets for business, there are various market strategies that would assist the firm in penetrating the markets. Franchising, which involves selling rights of the firm’s business model to local affiliated firms is an appropriate method. The corporation sells the rights of distribution to local Australian firms. The other market entry strategies apt for these markets include joint ventures, Greenfield projects and exportation.Zimbabwe and Cuba markets are different from the aforementioned markets because of their corruption. Foreign firms, before entry, have to bribe government officials despite the market entry strategy adopted by the firm. The bribes facilitate faster processing of legal and business documents and the required licenses for operation in these markets. Without bribes, the firm will enter these markets after a prolonged time. The World Trade Organization stands out as a treaty because it promotes more free trade amongst its members. By promoting international trade, the treaty encourages member states to increase their individual output through specialization. The main objective of this treaty is to promote peace amongst member states during the trading process. Trading amongst individuals usually leads to disputes and the WTO seeks to avoid these disputes by enabling smooth flowing trade. TRIPS, on the other hand, is a treaty that deals with intellectual properties.

Preschool Music Education Essay Example for Free

Preschool Music Education Essay Introduction Teaching music to preschoolers contributes to brain development.   â€Å"The musician is constantly adjusting decisions on tempo, tone, style, rhythm, phrasing, and feeling—training the brain to become incredibly good at organizing and conducting numerous activities at once. Dedicated practice of this orchestration can have a great payoff for lifelong attention skills, intelligence, and an ability for self-knowledge and expression† (Ratey, 2001).   A group of researchers at the University of California (Irvine) conducted a study that showed that after eight months of keyboard lessons, preschoolers showed a 46% boost in their spatial reasoning (Rauscher, Shaw, Levine, Ky and Wright, 2001). Music Education Module   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The curriculum for teaching preschool music education should contain three parts: 1) Singing; 2) Active listening; and 3) Movement.   All three of these subsections should work together and build off of the skills learned during the other subsections.   The music education curriculum must be fun and engaging for the preschool children, otherwise the children will not give the music activities their full attention and will not retain the cognitive abilities that can be taught through music education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The preschool music education curriculum needs to be focused around teaching the children songs, preferably nursery rhymes and other educational songs, which will teach the children a skill.   Incorporating movement and hand motions into each song that is taught will enhance the skills learned.   Learning to sing songs will improve the development of language acquisition, listening skills, and fine motor skills.    Songs that tell a story with hand motions such as â€Å"I’m Bringing Home a Baby Bumblebee† will improve language skills as well as fine motor skills and self expression.   Songs that specifically address a certain skill such as counting songs (1,2 Buckle My Shoe) and spelling songs (B-I-N-G-O) should be incorporated into the music curriculum as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The preschool music education curriculum must also include active listening to music.   Listening to music, particularly classical music, will improve listening skills, auditory discrimination, abstract reasoning, and spatial intelligence.   After the children have listened to a musical piece, the experience needs to be reinforced by a series of questions and answers.   Asking the children what kind of instruments they heard and what emotions they felt during the song will improve the abstract reasoning skills and teach the children how to evaluate and comprehend what they have heard.   Clapping through a rhythm that was in the song they just heard will teach the children about tempo and improve counting and mathematical skills. Conclusion The preschool music education curriculum needs to include all three of the subsections discussed.   If the curriculum neglects one of the subsections, important skills will be neglected.   Singing and dancing teaches preschool children language skills, fine motor skills, and self expression.   Actively listening to music, particularly classical music, improves listening skills, abstract reasoning skills, and spatial intelligence. When developing a preschool music education curriculum, the most important thing is to ensure that the curriculum is fun and engaging for the preschool children.   If the curriculum is rigid and boring, the children will lose interest and the teacher will not have their full attention.   In order for the preschool children to acquire the skills taught during music education, the children must be engaged in the curriculum.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      References Musically Yours, Inc.   (2007, November) Music Preludes.   Retrieved January 23, 2008 from http://www.musicpreludes.com/index.html Ratey John J., MD. A User’s Guide to the Brain. New York: Pantheon Books, 2001. Rauscher, Shaw, Levine, Ky and Wright, â€Å"Music and Spatial Task Performance: A Causal Relationship,† University of California, Irvine, 1994

Psychological Egoism :: Psychology Selfishness Selfish Egoism essays

Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism is a reflex that every person has to orient themselves toward their own welfare. Through this, it follows that every one of his (or her) voluntary actions is some good to himself. If someone gives away the last piece of bread to someone else, it is because they want to look like a better person. Due to the fact that they would give away the last piece of bread. Human nature is completely and exclusively egoistic. People are entirely selfish and devoid of any genuine feelings of sympathy, benevolence, or sociability. They are always thinking of themselves in everything they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each individual is preoccupied exclusively with the gratification of personal desires (felicity or happiness).Ones success in maintaining a continuous flow of gratification is the means of ones happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The object of the voluntary acts of every man is some good to himself. Whenever man renounces his right it is either in consideration for some right reciprocally transferred to himself, or for some other good he hopes for from the outcome. This presents us with the old saying: "Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social organization originates out of self interest. All society is for gain, or for glory. It is not like we think it is—for love of our fellows. Instead it is for self preservation. It is a sort of social contract. In a state of nature we are at war with each other and life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. In a natural state individuals are in equal powers. Voluntary collective organization is the most effective way for individuals to utilize their powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man should be allowed the right to use all means or actions to preserve himself. For every man is desirous of what is good to him, and shuns what is evil, but chiefly the chiefest of natural evil, which is death. The right to bear arms. In conclusion, I would like to say that? Psychological Egoism-- This is the claim that humans by nature are motivated only by self-interest . Any act, no matter how altruistic it might seem, is actually motivated by some selfish desire of the agent (e.g., desire for reward, avoidance of guilt, personal happiness). This is a descriptive claim about human nature. Since the claim is universal--all acts are motivated by self interest--it could be proven false by a single counterexample (Weston, rule #11). It will be difficult to find an action that the psychological egoist will acknowledge as purely altruistic, however. There is almost always some benefit to ourselves in any action we choose.

Asian Essay -- essays research papers

Asian Financial Institutions and Markets The Asian financial markets can be compared to the economic philosophy of mercantilism, which is regulated commerce to produce a favorable balance of trade. Governments regulate production techniques to ensure the quality of exports, and in general, subsidize production in their exporting industries. Tariffs can be high on imported manufactured goods and low on imported raw materials. The state exercises much control over economic life in these environments, chiefly through corporations and trading companies. Production is carefully regulated with the object of securing goods of high quality at a low cost, thus enabling the nation to hold its place and wealth in foreign markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asian countries have practiced mercantilism and protectionism under the guise of complex wholesale and retail marketing systems (Baker 13). The economic performance of the four Asian economies – Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan can be attributed to some of these practices. There is a significant degree of overlap between the government and the markets, suggesting that a broad-based approach is useful in understanding the nature of the Asian economy (Chowdhury 42). The government can control and regulate the financial system in order to finance development activities. The government acts as an internal capital market funding business sectors and industries. From a historical perspective, Korea was one of the poorest countries in world after experiencing two wars, World War II and Korean War. Food shortages that led them to heavily rely on the foreign aid, and to a yearly per capita income below the poverty level, this country is considered a successful newly industrializing economy. Korea has been transformed from its underdeveloped agricultural economy to a leading newly industrializing country. Countries that can be described as newly industrialized are more dynamic with a production structure corresponding to shifts in international division of labor, and where manufacturing plays an important role (Chowdhury 2). There have been many explanations for Korea’s successful story. Among those, the strong role of government would be probably the most important one. At the same time, this would be also responsible for current recession. After Koran war, the government in fact had no sense of direction a... ...cumulation. Controlling exchange rate is another good example to describe the effect of government’s role on Korean economic development. Economic growth in this period was result by an increase in export and output and as well as price level. With this historical review of one of the Asian countries and their development it is imporant to understand how the financial institutions involved operate. even though they were blamed as a major cause of Asian financial crisis happened in Korea brining the country to the brink of insolvency, as well as weak banking system, in fact, they could be victims of misleading government policy. The long term close relationship between government and big business creating rent and using them with unbalanced support between industries had worked well in the early stage of development, but as stated early, rent can bring corruption of bureaucracy or industries also, since it is caused by inefficiency. Allocation of financial resources is not an easy job, but this would be best time for Korea to consider again about the efficiency of closed relationship between the government and businesses while the country is restructuring its economy system.

Joe, a Filipino Rockssical: Play Review Essay

We were assigned to watch a stage play entitled Joe, a Filipino Rockssical last July 22, 2012 at St. Scholastica’s College, Manila. Actually, I have no interest in watching stage plays but after witnessing the presentation, my point of view changed. The play was about our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, but who is Rizal? For me, Rizal in this modern period is an instrument for us to love our country more despite of the dilemmas or struggles experiencing by it. Even our country had some flaws or imperfections, even the views and beliefs of others to our country were unlovely, we should still be proud and fight for it like what Rizal who’s brave as a lion did. He was also an inspiration to all youths because of his distinct attributes and his perseverance when it comes to studies. The stage play, Joe, a Filipino Rockssical is a kind of presentation wherein it was accompanied by songs and dances which is for me, an effective strategy because it can avoid boredom among the viewers. It has three chapters and used Filipino language for us to understand the play. It also used a little English and Espaà ±ol. This play was not a drama at all, it was also blended with comedy that can crack someone up and will make your jaws fall from laughter. But the most important thing is that it has a moral lesson that the viewers will realize after watching. The stage play was started through a lively song and dance. Six students of Rizal Integrated School were assigned to research and perform a stage play about our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, for the celebration of the 50th Foundation Day of the school. Joecas that symbolizes a man who values his craft more than anyone or anything else, is the writer and director, Joanne that symbolizes the character of having a principle and always with the truth, is the researcher, Hunter that symbolizes a character of having a principle and belief but can sacrifice it for the love of his life, is the composer of music, Bimbo that symbolizes a character that is persistent and diligent in reaching his dreams, is the choreographer, Ambo that symbolizes the character that is gleeful despite of his struggles especially when it comes to love, is the set designer, and Julia that symbolizes a character that has determination in reaching her dreams, is the fashion designer. They finished the play successfu lly although they have a little background or idea about the national hero. Ten years after, Joecas became a prominent writer. He was commissioned by the government to make and direct a stage play about the life of Rizal to be presented as a tribute for his 150th Anniversary of being a hero. Joecas together with his wife Joanne searched for his friends way back in high school to help him in the making of a stage play entitled Joe, the name that Josephine used to call Jose Rizal. Joanne became a successful researcher, Hunter became a rebel who climbed up in the mountains of Banawe, Bimbo became a DJ, Julia became a famous fashion designer, and Ambo owned a parlor. They have decided to stay at the condo of Joecas while finishing the play. During the researching and writing of the play, they learned many things about Rizal’s life. All the significant parts of the history about his live were presented. Some of these were about his love life including Josephine Bracken and Leonora, the writing of the novels that woke the consciousness of the Filipinos, the studying of Rizal abroad and here in Philippines, the exile of Rizal to Dapitan, the retraction of his ideologies to embrace again the Catholicism and to marry Josephine, and the shooting of him at Bagumbayan. The six main characters in the play also faced the different issues in their lives which are similar and compared to the life of Rizal. These consisted of the love of Joecas for Joanne and not sacrificing his love for art which is his true love, the love of Hunter for Joanne and the sacrifice of his ideologies, facing the true sexual preference of Ambo, consciousness of Bimbo about the problems of society, and Julia’s will of studying again. The conflict which is about the retraction was ended through a song and dance wherein the viewers were given the chance to decide whether Rizal signed the retraction or not. At the same time, they presented that even though Rizal signed it or not, what is important is that he had a stand about the ideologies and principles he’s fighting for and he kicked the bucket for the country. After all what happened, years passed, Joecas was given an award and honor for the stage play entitled Joe and he met his friends again during the event. The stage play was ended through a beautiful and magnificent music. In this play, many social illnesses are mentioned and shown and some of these are still occurring nowadays. In the dialogue stated by Ambo, â€Å"Palibhasa kabit ang nanay mo!†, is one of the social illnesses. It symbolizes a character of being a gossiper or spreading a speculation about a certain thing or person. It can cause a dispute or quarrel between the involved people. It can also cause disharmony or disunity. â€Å"I’m so fed up with the so called professionals, sobra na nga maningil wala pang work ethics. At sa sobrang dami ng raket, hindi marunong magcommit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This was said by Joecas. It is one of the social illneses nowadays. Many people have too much confidence or belief in them, the belief that they are superb in terms of doing their work. Not only that, they are also asking for too much payment that is not appropriate, that’s why Philippines is not progressing. â€Å"Isipin na ang mabuting ina ay iba sa inang linalang ng prayle. Dapat palakihin ang anak na malapit baga sa larawan ng tunay na Diyos. Diyos na di nasusuhulan, Diyos na di masakim sa salapi, Diyos na ama ng lahat, na walang kinikilingan, Diyos na hindi tumataba sa dugo ng mahihirap, na hindi nagsasaya sa daing ng naruruhagi at nangbubulag ng matalinong isip.† These are the words mentioned at the back or the window of condo while Hunter and Joanne were fighting. The characteristics of God mentioned was contradictory to our government wherein it can be defined as another social illness. The scene where Ambo said that, â€Å"Hindi naman nasusukat sa sexual preference ang pagkatao at karakter. What is important is the heart and soul.† Judging a person is also one of the social illnesses acted in the play. The reason why most of the people do not believe in their talent is because they were primed by their anxiousness or shyness. The ability of a person is not measured by either physical appearance or sexual preference. In the scene where George Tauffer raped Josephine Bracken can be included as one of the social illnesses nowadays. Rape and other crimes are very rampant during these days. Sometimes, even their own fathers or stepfathers were the ones involved in this kind of situation. There are many barbarians in our country nowadays due to the lack of education or else because of drug addiction. The social illness like spreading information that is not proven or seen is very widespread nowadays. One example of this is occurring in the world of showbiz or show business. Many rumors are spreading in this industry that’s why it’s complicated. Those professionals that were taking too much charges or fees are also rampant nowadays that’s why the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. Similar to our government officials who live high on the hog, they were corrupting the taxes and other cash received from citizens for their personal use instead of giving it back in the form of basic services like education, health cares, and others. Criminals were also very rampant now and then but because police authorities like the friars before accept bribes, those culprits were not afraid to do crimes. These are some social illnesses mentioned in the play and at the same time I witnessed while watching. This stage play is not presented just to entertain but also to educate the audience. For me, having a stand in everything we do and say is the moral lesson that I have realized after watching. If we said and did something, continue it until the end as long as we know that we’re on the side of truth, although it can hurt those people that we loved the most. Another lesson derived from this play is the true love for the country. If our heroes can defend our country from opportunists and at the same time proud of it, we, the citizens of the Philippines, that have the capability to change the undesirable system of our government, can also do what they have done. It is the time for us to move and act especially the young generation that according to Dr. Jose Rizal is the hope of the nation.

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buy custom Reflective Essay essay The most intriguing part of this course was touching on joining a conversation. This is because a majority of people is not aware of how to do it, meaning that they offend many people when they do it wrongly. I have learnt that one has to be careful enough to find out what a conversation is all about before giving their views or even asking anything about what is being discussed. Although this may sound a little bit difficult, I have learnt that it is expedient to do so because one is likely to fare well in any conversation community. Thus, it is crucial to find out the topic being discussed. This will help one in choosing how to contribute basing on his or her familiarity. It is also easier to develop an argument when one is familiar with the subject of a conversation. It is also necessary to be observant on the form of communication being used. This is mainly in terms of the language settings, which are addressed by the literacy settings of the community. For instance, it is always beneficial to judge the mood or reactions of the members before carefully selecting what to say. Otherwise, use of a polite language when interrupting is advantageous in trying to secure the desired reception. Reading and writing are two different things but are interconnected in a manner they one is supported by the other. In this regard, I have learned how to improve my writing skill coupled by critical reading. This is by understanding that I have to develop strong reading skills in order to gather the material I would need in my writing. For instance, a systematic process that will ensure maximum understanding of the materials being read should be coupled with academic reading. This can be done by taking notes while reading and engaging with the author in a oneto one conversation fashion. This will help much in understanding and thus helpful when it comes to writing about what has been tread. Revision skills are also improved this way thus improving my understanding of the content in the reading materials. The use of drafts is also a valuable writing approach learnt. Wring a draft first before setting to write the soft copy is critical in correcting mistakes and avoiding issues such as plagiarism. Doing peer reviews on the draft can also be crucial in improving the piece of writing. In other words, a lively writing habit involve as a series of steps before producing a finished product. This will help me in future academic writing because the work I will be writing will be up to standards and of superior quality. This means that I will be able to score well, pass, and get outstanding grades in my projects. Academic writing is mainly based on a problem solving approaches, which are supposed to begin as perceptions that rise certain questions or uncertainties. This means that it can be instrumental in writing research papers like dissertations. This is because the writing skills learn can be used in collecting data and writing out ideas properly. This is then followed by engaging other students in evaluating the information collected and then preparing drafts of the intended writings. This is followed by writing the final paper, editing, and publishing. This process in hugely supported by excellent writing and reading skills learnt. The information gained will help me in undertaking the steps of writing big academic papers. This will be critical in ensuring that I write grammatical error free papers with an academic flow. . In conclusion, I have understood the importance of using my cognitive function through interconnected domains of language use, which are mainly listening, writing, re ading and speaking. Buy custom Reflective Essay essay

The understanding of nigerian women of maternal mortality including beliefs, cultural practice, and understanding of health literature. The WritePass Journal

The understanding of nigerian women of maternal mortality including beliefs, cultural practice, and understanding of health literature. Search Strategy The understanding of nigerian women of maternal mortality including beliefs, cultural practice, and understanding of health literature. , p. 1). Statistics Known of Maternal Mortality in Nigeria The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) was reported to be 608 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2008 (Hogan, et al; 2010, pp. 1609-1623). Despite this, it also made clear in the report that maternal deaths have in fact reduced on a global level by 35% from 1980 to 2010, which seems to illustrate that maternal mortality is actually declining. This does not appear to be the case for Nigerian women, however, since the MMR in 1990 was 473 (Hogan, et al; 2010, pp. 1609-1623). As such, the elimination of maternal mortality has been slow (Hill et al; 2007, pp. 1311-1319). Many have questioned the accuracy of such figures, however, since it cannot be said that all deaths in Nigeria are actually registered (Schuitemaker et al; 1997, p. 78). Therefore, MMR does actually remain underreported which impacts the accuracy of these findings. Knowledge and Attitudes of Nigerian Women to Maternal Mortality Maternal mortality is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as â€Å"the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy† (WHO, 2004, p. 1). It is apparent that maternal mortality is one of the main causes of death in developing countries which is especially so in Nigeria where maternal mortality is prevalent amongst Nigerian women. Many challenges in relation to this thereby exist and it is thus believed that more should be done in order to tackle these problems and therefore reduce or even eliminate maternal mortality (Elijah, 2012, p. 1). Brabin et al; (2001, p. 6045) argue that anaemia is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality amongst Nigerian women which should therefore be dealt with first. Interventions   Given that the MMR in Nigeria has increased rather than decreased, it is evident that any interventions that have been made in order tackle this problem have been unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the reduction of maternal mortality was in fact included into the Millennium Development   Goals (MDG 5) so that MMR can be reduced by 75% from 1990 to 2015 (United Nations General Assembly, 2000, p. 55). Whilst there are another two years to go, it is unlikely this figure will be attained. Research Question To establish what maternal mortality is; To determine whether maternal mortality us widespread; To consider the impact maternal mortality has on Nigerian women in comparison to those women from other jurisdictions; To consider the beliefs and cultural practices of maternal mortality within Nigeria; To determine the current attitudes towards maternal mortality within Nigeria; To review the steps already taken to tackle maternal mortality; To establish whether the interventions used to reduce maternal mortality have proven effective. Study Design Overview of the Study In undertaking this study, it is important to first review the statistics that currently exist on maternal mortality on a global level. This will help one to decide whether maternal mortality is a global phenomenon or whether it is just Nigerian women who appear to be suffering. Once this has been done, applicable data will then be collected from various States within Nigeria providing an overview of the MMR within Nigeria including an estimation of the risks associated with maternal death. The methods adopted for assessing maternal mortality will thus be reviewed in order to illustrate the reliability of these statistics. Primary data that has been collected directly from women within Nigeria will also be used in order to attain an overview as to how effective the health system within Nigeria is. This will be followed by a review of secondary data in order to gain an insight into the current views and opinions of maternal mortality amongst Nigerian women. Consequently, part of this study will consist of a retrospective audit using a large population sample from an existing design. This will be based upon the most recent statistical data available including professional documentation as well as international standards. A retrospective audit will be more suitable for this study than a prospective audit since a prospective audit is based upon â€Å"the collection of information about patients during their process of care† (Optimal Blood Use Project, 2013, p. 1), whilst a retrospective audit is based on a review of the records of patients that have already been discharged. This type of information will be a lot easier to attain since it may consist of data from computer databases. In using this particular type of data, nonetheless, it is important that the quality is adequate since this will otherwise be detrimental to the outcome of the study. This is because, a pre-test, post-design is being used and if any of the information is not adequate, the overall results will be impaired which will affect the whole of the study. Essentially, because the study aims to provide a greater understanding of the maternal mortality in Nigerian women, it is important that a paired data analysis can be conducte d. Hence, as put by Bonate (2000, p. 1); â€Å"paired data arise when the same experimental unit, such as a person or laboratory animal is measured on some variable on two different occasions or at the same time under different testing conditions.† This will allow a determination to be made as to whether there is a difference from the first testing to the second testing which is necessary in order to decide whether the intervening measures aimed at tackling maternal mortality have been effective. It is important that information is attained from patient and public involvement (PPI) as this will enable a more accurate study to be conducted. Furthermore, PPI will also ensure that applicable changes are made to the ways in which women in Nigeria are being treated and will allow such women to have an influence in the ways in which they are being cared for and treated. They will also be able to â€Å"have a say in the way services are planned and run† and will thus â€Å"help bring about improvements to the way care is provided† (NHS, 2012, p. 1). This is important given that patients within Nigeria have not been receiving appropriate care. PPI is thus a significant element of any study relating to the health of indivi duals since it is vital that specific measures are being implemented which ultimately serve the public’s interest (Burton and Ormrod, 2011, p. 43). Sample Because it would be impossible to study every single woman within Nigeria who has an interest in maternal mortality, it is important that only a pool of participants is selected for this particular research. This is because; whilst it is essential that the findings do not merely consist of those participating in the study, it would be impracticable to study a large proportion of the population within Nigeria. This study will therefore investigate Nigerian women from four different Nigerian states using the so-called ‘sisterhood method’. The sisterhood method will be used in this assignment because of the problems that are associated with the collection of data from developing countries. This method consists of asking a woman four simple questions about her sister/s and then deciding whether maternal mortality is widespread. The Investigation of maternal mortality by the sisterhood method is an indirect approach and â€Å"entails asking respondents about ever-married sis ters: how many have died, and how many have died while they were pregnant or during childbirth or six weeks following the end of the pregnancy† (World Bank, 2006, p. 225). This is a frequently used method in this type of study and will help to provide a clear overview as to whether maternal mortality is increasing or decreasing. It also allows a greater amount of data to be collected from the person questioned. However, the downside to this method is that there is a danger of multiple results being produced where two sisters are asked the same questions. Approximately 400 women will need to be studied between the ages of 16 and 45 so that an accurate estimation of maternal mortality can be gathered. In deciding whether this is a sufficient amount of people however, a power and sample size estimation will need to be made in order to ensure that there is a sufficiently large amount of data subjects to embark upon the study in question. Consequently, it will need to be considered whether â€Å"there is the possibility of harmful effects from participating in the study† (Taylor and Kermode, 2006, p. 207). ‘Power’ thus relates to the likelihood that the study will achieve the desired outcome, whilst ‘sample size’ relates to the number of people needed to achieve this result. The data collected must be of the â€Å"same scale of measurement† and the sample size must not be extortionate since this would otherwise incur unnecessary expense and would evidently waste time. Since the data is of the same s cale of measurement and the sample size appears to be applicable for this assignment, it is evident that the sisterhood method is appropriate. This is a cheap and convenient way of gathering information from developing countries and is a useful way of attaining relevant information. Hence, the studies will be undertaken a number of years subsequent to maternal mortality surveys being carried out which will allow greater accuracy to be provided. This method also enables small sample sizes to be used and is widely effective when it comes to sampling from large families were the respondents are likely to have a number of siblings. The processing of data is also relatively simple which ensures that the calculation of estimates is also simple (Maternal Mortality Measurement Resource, 2007, p. 1). Conversely, the sisterhood method does have some drawbacks and problems often emerge in those states were families have fewer siblings. Furthermore, it also â€Å"gives retrospective estimates, it assumes no major trends in family, it is difficult to get additional information about deaths and there are no established demographic techniques to permit evaluation and adjustment† (Maternal Mortality Measurement Resource, 2007, p. 1). Arguably, it is evident that whilst t he sisterhood method is applicable for this study, caution should also be made in light of the problems that are associated with this since the findings may not be as accurate as first anticipated. Data Collection Applicable secondary data for this study will be collected from journal articles, text books, online databases and governmental reports which will be attained by undertaking online and paper-based research. This will require a search of library and online databases, which is considered to be the quickest form of data collection required for this study. Secondary research for this assignment is integral in finding out what the current attitudes and opinions are in relation to maternal mortality of Nigerian women. Furthermore, any changes and interventions that have been made over the years will also be capable of being identified as well as any previous statistics. In addition, censuses, organisational records and both qualitative and quantitative data will be included under this method of research and will thus reduce time and expense. The data collected will also be of a higher quality and will support the findings that will have been acquired through primary research. Secondary dat a is also important in helping to determine the changes that have been made over the years, which is vital in deciding whether maternal mortality is being tackled adequately.   In order to collect data using the sisterhood method, however, primary research will also need to be utilised which will be accomplished through the conduction of a questionnaire as well as direct observations. Questionnaires are highly advantageous in addressing the specific issues surrounding maternal mortality and will allow a proper assessment to be made as to whether changes to the healthcare of Nigerian women are still needed. Greater flexibility as to the ways in which the information is to be collected will also be ascertained which will enable the researcher to decide on the most applicable research approaches to take. Nevertheless, it is important that both secondary and primary research is used for this study since the â€Å"secondary research can be done from outside a Third World country and then followed up with primary research adapted for local cultural and material circumstances† (Luck et al, 2000, p. 280). This will ensure that the findings are accurate and will enable a proper estimation of the population attributes to be made through the undertaking of a sample survey. Because of the fact that the population in Nigeria is large, it is necessary for a mere sample s urvey to be carried out since this will reduce the costs that would be incorporated from the collection of census data. Problems associated with sample surveys include interference since the respondents may be chosen according to the desired outcome. As a result certain respondents may be specifically chosen which could cause problems and affect the data that is produced. Data Analysis Once all of the data has been collected, it will then be analysed in order to decide which data is more applicable for the study in question to ensure a proper conclusion can be drawn. Essentially, it is important at this stage to clean the data by inspecting each source thoroughly and then deciding whether or not it ought to be used. Hence, â€Å"the quality of the research should be judged in relation to the resources available and the effectiveness with which those resources have been used to investigate the particular topic in question† (Denscombe, 2009, p. 53). Since both quantitative and qualitative research methods will be used for this study, it is important to analyse both types of research thoroughly in order to prevent inaccuracies from transpiring. Quantitative methods of research are those methods which are concerned mainly with numbers and frequencies, whilst qualitative methods are more concerned with meaning and experience. These provide a more in-depth analysi s into the subject matter and will therefore enable a proper determination to be made as to the effects maternal mortality has on Nigerian women. Whilst some prefer one method over another, it is more effective to adopt a combination of the two as this will allow â€Å"statistically reliable information obtained from numerical measurement to be backed up by and enriched by information about the research participants’ explanations† (Holah, 2012, p. 1). Consequently, by incorporating both methods of research into the assignment, a more in-depth account of maternal mortality will be provided. Ethical Issues Whilst it is important for any study to undertake both secondary and primary research, there are a number of ethical considerations that need to be taken into account. Essentially, whilst fewer problems arise with secondary research because of the fact that the data already exists, the re-using of data can cause problems in itself. This is because informed consent is often required and compliance with the data protection rules must be ensured. Primary research essentially causes greater concern than secondary research because of the fact it involves the collection of data from individuals. This is certainly the case for this study and because of this it is vital that care is taken when gathering information. Hence, the data that is being gathered is highly sensitive and in order to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of the individuals concerned, all participants need to be fully informed of how the data will be used so that their direct consent can be provided (Dawson, 2009, p. 150). In addition, an assurance that the ethical rules of conduct is being complied with also needs to be made which means that any data which is produced must be â€Å"honest, unbiased, sincere, free from errors or negligence, open to critique and it must protect confidential communications† (Rensik, 2011, p. 1). Arguably, in order to ensure that the ethical rules of conduct are being utilised, a risk-analysis approach will be adopted and all participants will be made aware of how any data being collected will be used and their permission will be obtained. The approval of the College Research Ethics Panel will also be obtained so that any ethical issues can be avoided. Conclusion If the study works and the desired outcome is achieved it is likely that changes to the healthcare of Nigerian women will be made. This is because at present it seems as though there are a number of risks associated with the health of female Nigerians which leads to maternal mortality and in order to eliminate this problem, it is vital that the health system is vastly improved. In conducting this study, the problems associated with the health of Nigerian women will be highlighted and the ways in which this can be tackled will be elucidated. This may lead to the reduction of maternal mortality and will ensure that the beliefs and cultural practices of Nigerian women are respected. Accordingly, the lives of Nigerian women should be improved by these findings as a greater emphasis will be placed upon the Nigerian health system as well as any interventionist techniques that will be likely to reduce maternal mortality. References Bonate, P. L. (2000) Analysis of Pretest-Posttest Designs, CRC Press. Brabin, B. J. Hakimi, M. and Pelletier, D. (2001) An Analysis of Anemia and Pregnancy Related Maternal Mortality, The American Society for Nutritional Sciences, The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 131, no. 2. Burton, R. and Ormrod, G. (2011) Nursing: Transition to Professional Practice, Oxford University Press. CASP. (2012) Welcome to the CASP UK Website, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, [Online] Available: casp-uk.net/ [03 January 2013]. Dawson, C. (2009) Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project, How to Books Ltd, 4th Edition. Denscombe, M. (2009) Ground Rules for Social Research: Guidelines for Good Practice. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill International. Eliijah, S. (2012) Nigeria Tackles Maternal Mortality, Voice of America, [Online] Available: voanews.com/content/nigeria-tackles-maternal-mortality/1534984.html [04 January 2013]. Hill, K. Thomas, K. and AbouZahr, C. (2007) Estimates of Maternal Mortality Worldwide Between 1990 and 2005: An Assessment of Available Data, The Lancet, Vol. 370, no. 9595. Hogan, M. C. Foreman, K. J. Naghavi, M. (2010) Maternal Mortality for 181 Countries, 1980-2008: A Systematic Analysis of Progress Towards Millennium Development Goals 5, The Lancet, Vol. 375, no. 9726. Holah, K. (2012) Quantitative and Qualitative Data, [Online] Available: holah.karoo.net/quantitativequalitative.htm [04 January 2013]. Luck, M. Pocock, R. and Tricker, M. J. (2000) Market Research in Health and Social Care, Psychology Press. Maternal Mortality Measurement Resources. (2007) Indirect Sisterhood Method, [Online] Available: maternal-mortality-measurement.org.uk/MMMResource_Tool_IndirectSisterhoodMethod.html [04 January 2013]. NHS. (2012) What is Patient and Public Involvement? NHS Foundation Trust, [Online] Available: wwl.nhs.uk/Internet/public_involvment/what_is_PPI.asp [04 January 2013]. Optimal Blood Use. (2013) Planning and Setting up the Clinical Audit, Promoting and Sharing Best Practice Across the EU, [Online] Available: optimalblooduse.eu/audit/planningandsettingup.ashx [04 January 2013]. Resnik, D. B. (2011) What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important?’ [Online] Available: niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ [04 January 2013]. Scuitemaker, N. Roosmalen, J. V. Dekker, G. Dongen, P. Geijen, H. and Gravenhorst, J. B. (1997) Underreporting of Maternal Mortality in the Netherlands, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 90, no. 1.    Taylor, B. and Kermode, S. (2006) Nursing Research 3e, Cengage Learning in Australia, 3rd Edition. United Nations General Assembly. (2000) United Nations Millennium Declaration.   United Nations, New York USA, A/RES/55/2. WHO. (2004) Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100, 000 live births), Health Statistics and Health Information Systems, World Health Organisation, [Online] Available: who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indmaternalmortality/en/index.html [03 January 2013]. World Bank. (2006) Disease and Mortality in Sub-Sahara Africa, World Bank Publications, 2nd Edition.

Embracing the World through Hospitality Course Essay Example

Embracing the World through Hospitality Course Essay Example Embracing the World through Hospitality Course Essay Embracing the World through Hospitality Course Essay Traveling is one of the most exciting and adventuresome experiences that an person could of all time hold in his or her life. Almost everyone has a dream of going the universe to see the things beyond their skyline. It has been said that an person who travels a batch. learns and experiences a batch. This is one of the grounds why I chose to take a cordial reception class. Aside from the fact that I do love going. I besides wanted to larn and see more. I want to detect all the admirations of the universe and be able to portion it with other people. Among the greatest experiences that contribute to my desire to be involved in cordial reception service are my travel experiences in assorted states like South Africa. Senegal. Brazil. Trinidad and Tobago. and Jamaica. Through these experiences. I came to recognize how fantastic our civilisation is. I besides came to detect that there are other rich civilizations outside my district and cognizing other civilization has made me cognizant how of import the constructs of apprehension is. I grew up in a state where racism is prevailing. The differences among civilizations are the grounds why some people tend to harm people who behave otherwise from them. My travel experiences taught me the value of traveling beyond our skyline and acquiring to cognize other people as good. Their cognition and experiences might be helpful and important in one manner or another as we traverse the roads of our life. I want to detect the universe. This is besides one of the grounds why I want to take a cordial reception class. The importance of detecting the universe would do us more academically. emotionally. mentally and physically involved in advancing the good of what we have. Indeed. like workss and animate beings. we are populating a topographic point that is more mystical and complicated in many sense. But unlike these animals. we have the power to believe and move harmonizing to what would be good for this Earth. I may sound like a Miss Universe campaigner replying a inquiry that is likely to act upon my audience. yet my claim that we could make more things to do this universe more comprehendible. best managed. and taken cared of is so possible. Through cordial reception class. I know in my ego that I could be one of those persons working to advance the best of this universe. Furthermore. analyzing the different facets of our society. specifically of the different states. would do me cognizant of how these states. despite their differences. were able to construct and use an international relationship that has integrity and coherency. Knowledge in history. economic system. political relations and other of import facets or systems of different states would enable me to invent an activity or plan that would advance understanding and encourage integrity from different people. Through this. people with racist attitude might be reduced. peculiarly in many racialist states. Indeed. my love of going in different topographic points made me a more unfastened individual. with tonss of dreams for my state and for the whole universe every bit good. My travels and find of other civilizations such as what people in South Africa. Senegal. Brazil. Trinidad and Tobago. and Jamaica besides made me a more knowing and improved person such that encompassing other people’s civilization and analyzing the different systems of their state have enlightened me that it is non adequate that I am populating within my skyline because life and find beyond this is important in many ways as we are populating in a diverse universe. I do trust to go a portion of the cordial reception industry for me to be able to portion to other people how fantastic our complex universe is. how of import cordial reception industry in back uping the country’s economic system. and how understanding differences in civilization and other systems make us a better individual. In add-on. I hope to go a portion of the cordial reception industry for me to be able to function the diverse people of this universe in the most applicable and appropriate manner that would fulfill them and do them recognize how fantastic it is to go and detect the universe.

Quality Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quality Managment - Essay Example The four absolutes of Crosby’s quality management system enhance operability and functioning of complex rail networks. Professionals in railway operations must remember that quality always comes at a cost; and it is always cheaper and better to promote superior quality from the very beginning. Quality is always about conforming to requirements Conformance to requirements is the first absolute of Crosby quality management philosophy. As a result, it is imperative that such requirements are clearly defined (Evans & Lindsay 2007). That Crosby defines quality in customer terms makes quality management an extremely challenging task, since every customer has his(her) own vision of quality. A business executive traveling from Leeds to London for a full day’s work is looking for superior quality of network rail operations, which should manifest through the no-delay-approaches. Simply stated, a business executive whose schedule is overfilled with meetings and tasks will hardly w ish his train to be late. Business executives traveling for workplace and business purposes usually have their days planned minute by minute. A train is just an instrument of meeting their business objectives. Any delay may become a serious impediment to the development of effective relations between business executives, their suppliers and customers. Therefore, quality is judged by whether or not network rails operate in accordance with their schedules and deadlines. By contrast, grandparents traveling from Sheffield to spend the weekend with their grandchildren in Brighton will always search for the best cost. Affordability will become the main criterion of quality judgments. Older people experience budget constraints and are extremely economical in their financial decisions. However, they do not want the cost of traveling to be low by all possible means; rather, they will look for an option that is equally cheap and safe. A company that manages to offer a safe and affordable trav eling alternative will become the object of grandparents’ choice. Eventually, four friends from Sunderland wanting to take a 4 day break in Paris want to have a nice and pleasant journey. Most probably, they will look for an affordable network rail option that offers smooth travel, includes a good restaurant to spend time in, and makes possible to observe wonderful landscapes and sights on their way to Paris. Such people want everything to be perfect. They do not want their holidays to be spoiled by minor disturbances. However, again, safety will become the main quality requirement for them. Whatever the purpose of traveling, all passengers will expect railway professionals to secure them from the risks of accidents and delays. Quality management: Prevention rather than detection Superior quality management systems rely on the premise that prevention is always better than detection. This is particularly the case of railway networks, which are characterized by relatively high risks of accidents and technical failures. Like any other complex technical mechanism, railways operate in the atmosphere of uncertainty, and prevention is the best way to protect passengers and technical assets from unnecessary failures and risks. Three possible ways to prevent undesirable occurrences from happening in Network Rail may include (1) road safety audit; (2) the use of GIS and GPS systems; and (3) regular training and checks

Discuss how the father-daughter relationship is important in Essay

Discuss how the father-daughter relationship is important in Cinderella, how it's relevant - Essay Example This paper will focus primarily on the father-daughter relationship and its significance and relevance in different versions of Cinderella. For masses, the daughter-father relationship is almost absent in the story and one does not come across a direct evident relationship of the two in most of the versions. However, from a critical point of view, there exists somehow a negative relationship between the two (Neilsen, pp. 20-23), as most of the versions have shown an ignorant father who did not interfere when stepmother/s and stepsisters were mistreating Cinderella in the story. In one of the earliest versions of Cinderella, the father is shown as a widowed one who ends up marrying a woman who always mistreats Cinderella also known as Zezolla in some of the versions of this fairytale. This version has shown an absent relationship of father and daughter as the father is always silent when it comes to mistreatment of her daughter. Later on, Zezolla plots killing of her evil mother with the governess (Nielsen, pp. 22-25) and subsequently, father marries the governess who is shown as the worst stepmother resulting in harsher treatment for the Cinderella. Almost all versions of the story except the Disney’s film version, the father is portrayed as a cruel one who takes the side of the evil stepmother and forces Cinderella to perform all the nasty house chores while the stepmother and stepdaughters enjoy bounties of the world (Silvey, pp. 136-139). Some of the versions of Cinderella story have moved a line ahead by showing an incestuous father (Nielsen, pp. 25-28) that resulted in huge criticism from educators, as it portrayed a wrong image of fathers to children, especially daughters. To show incestuous intention of the father, Alan Dundes briefed one of the versions of Cinderella while saying: Usually the queen on her deathbed makes the king promise to marry only someone who

Free Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Free Trade - Essay Example Suppose that at first no trade was occurring as a result of which the original demand and supply curve, D & S respectively are the country's demand and supply. At the point equilibrium occur at point Y at the interaction of two points. However, if a country indulges in free trade SW curve becomes its supply curve and new equilibrium occurs at Y1. The result why the equilibrium quantity of supply is lower than for the demand curve S is because some countries can produce these products at a lower price than others because of comparative and absolute advantages discussed below and as a result our country will stop the production of this good citing that other countries can produce it cheaply. This is a point of controversy among supporters of free trade and people who are against free trade. The people who oppose free trade argues that domestic production will reduce from Y to Y1 as result of free trade and hence this implies closing down of factories, downsizing and unemployment of loc al factors of production. They say that free trade is an evil that should be stopped from penetrating a local market for the reasons discussed above. However, the supporters say that this leads to more efficient use of global resources as efficiency as more products are being produced where they can be produced cheaply. Although it might be beneficial on the global basis, it should be discourage in the developing economies which are seeking to maximize employment rate and implementing policies for the growth of local industries. Faced with this problem many countries often charge a tariff on imports which increase it's price and hence reduces the impact of imports on local industry and market. This increase reduces the local supply from Y to Y2 which is creates a lesser impact on domestic supply but still it is large enough to affect domestic industry and hence receives criticism from people who suffer from unemployment etc. However, once a a high tariff is charged raising the price of imported goods above what is being incurred in local market, it does not affect the local industry, in theory. This is the right amount of tariff and completely against the free trade, but people who oppose free-trade are appeased by this as local industry is not harmed. Similarly, supporter of free-trade argues that this is against the economic teachings of productive and allocative efficiency as the benefits of low-cost are not being enjoyed by the people resulting in less demand and people who want to consume the products at lower prices are not being catered i-e allocative inefficiency. Before coming at the conclusion whether free-trade should be allowed or not, let's look at absolute and comparative advantages. Absolute advantage occurs when one country can produce one commodity better than other i-e the production cost in one country is lower than other or requires far less resources and hence efficient. Following assumptions are necessary for the use of absolute advantage theory: There are only two

Research about drawing artist Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About drawing artist - Research Paper Example Da Vinci would head back to Florence around 1500 and get commissioned to do a couple of paintings he would never finish before heading for Milan again to work for the French governor. During this time, he would create another of his masterpieces, The Mona Lisa. Da Vinci was primarily an architect for the governor of Milan and did not come up with any significant piece from this time. When the French was removed from Milan in 1513, Da Vinci went and lived in Rome for three years before moving permanently to France. He died at the age of 67. Da Vinci is credited for a number The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man and Madonna of the Rocks. The Mona Lisa, as mentioned earlier, was supposedly a portrait of a merchant’s wife. However, so many stories have come up as to who was the model for The Mona Lisa. The painting became more popular when it was stolen in August 21, 1911 from the Salon Carrà © of the Louvre Museum. After 2 years, the painting was found under the possession of Vincenzo Peruggia, an employee of the Louvre. He was trying to sell the painting in Florence. The Vitruvian Man was made with pen and ink around 1487. Vitruvius was a Roman architect who described the ideal human proportions as part of his book De Architectura. The drawing has a picture of a man standing with his legs together and his arms outstretched to his sides in the middle of the page. The man’s arms were also drawn as they would be raised a few inches upwards. The man’s legs were also drawn as they would be apart. Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man has served as an inspiration for several media. For example, it can be found on the Italian 1 euro coin. A figure in a space suit in the poses of the Vitruvian Man is on the EVA patch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s space suit. Finally, as discussed lengthily in the movie and book, Da Vinci Code, the artist was also responsible for The Last Supper. Da Vinci’s representation of the

Economic Rationale For Protecting Intellectual Property Rights Essay

Economic Rationale For Protecting Intellectual Property Rights - Essay Example In pursuance to the definition of granting rights over property is to give the creator certain rights over property and in pursuance to it, to give its creator an opportunity to profit from it. It is a fact that violation of the intellectual property rights has been flagrant in several countries. And the assurance of protection of these rights is the only safeguard for the owners in keeping ownership of these rights and the products accompanying it. Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right to that creation for a certain period of time which reaches 20 years before they could be used openly by any manager of a company or investment to reproduce the product under their own name. ... Intellectual property rights (IPRs) generally fall into two categories: 1) copyright and associated rights, and 2) industrial property ,each important as the other where the legal system arranges the works of people who work in the field of the product to make a unification of deals where the percentage of the work and the user of the work and the benefactor of the work all benefit and the rights of the work lie on the shoulders of their inventors where people could recognize the art and the invention by the design, place of origin, characteristics of the art and its uses. After the first 20 years of property intellectually used by its real owners the design becomes a service and series mark and could be used initially as a model of recognizing others and a work and could be categorized under the works of the writer or the worker and use the effect of the work to be universally known as designating a certain group of people who managed to accept and follow the arts and rights of such owners of the property and use it to their own benefits. This is different from patencies as patencies do not accept anyone's usage of the work and replication of the work so as to be solely used by the person who has invented it and made it who could benefit of it alone. This is true and right about people who work on managing their own professions and want to better their careers and stand out inside the dimensions of the field of work.(http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm#WhatAre). Authors, artists and composers, which fall under the first, are protected by copyright for literary and artistic works (e.g. books, literary and musical pieces, all forms of artworks, software and films)for a minimum period of 50years after the death of the author then they could be

Research about drawing artist Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About drawing artist - Research Paper Example Da Vinci would head back to Florence around 1500 and get commissioned to do a couple of paintings he would never finish before heading for Milan again to work for the French governor. During this time, he would create another of his masterpieces, The Mona Lisa. Da Vinci was primarily an architect for the governor of Milan and did not come up with any significant piece from this time. When the French was removed from Milan in 1513, Da Vinci went and lived in Rome for three years before moving permanently to France. He died at the age of 67. Da Vinci is credited for a number The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man and Madonna of the Rocks. The Mona Lisa, as mentioned earlier, was supposedly a portrait of a merchant’s wife. However, so many stories have come up as to who was the model for The Mona Lisa. The painting became more popular when it was stolen in August 21, 1911 from the Salon Carrà © of the Louvre Museum. After 2 years, the painting was found under the possession of Vincenzo Peruggia, an employee of the Louvre. He was trying to sell the painting in Florence. The Vitruvian Man was made with pen and ink around 1487. Vitruvius was a Roman architect who described the ideal human proportions as part of his book De Architectura. The drawing has a picture of a man standing with his legs together and his arms outstretched to his sides in the middle of the page. The man’s arms were also drawn as they would be raised a few inches upwards. The man’s legs were also drawn as they would be apart. Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man has served as an inspiration for several media. For example, it can be found on the Italian 1 euro coin. A figure in a space suit in the poses of the Vitruvian Man is on the EVA patch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s space suit. Finally, as discussed lengthily in the movie and book, Da Vinci Code, the artist was also responsible for The Last Supper. Da Vinci’s representation of the

Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Essay

Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Reaction - Essay Example An understanding of what have an effect on the speed of a reaction and how it can be changed is consequently very significant to a chemist. A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increasing reaction rate (except for zero order reactions). Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule of thumb for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10C increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Each member of Alkanoic acids has one carboxyl group. Alkanoic acids are therefore aliphatic monocarboxylic acids. Consequently, we an represent the series with the formula RCOOH. The hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group can form a hydrogen ion in aqueous solution. Hence, members of the series are monobasic acids. Methanoic acid has a corrosive action on the skin. It occurs in the stings of ants, bees and stinging nettles (Blackburn, 1999). Properties of Methanoic acid They are weak monobasic acids. They turn litmus red, liberate hydrogen from liberate hydrogen from metals above hydrogen in the activity series and they react with bases and carbonates. Methanoic acid is the strongest acid in the series. The salts produced from the reaction is known as Methanoates (Blackburn, 1999) They react with alcohol to form esters and water. The reaction is reversible and a good yield of ester is only possible if a catalyst, such as concentrated sulphuric acid is present. Normally we use a large excess of alcohol (Blackburn, 1999). Esters are sweet smelling liquid or solids. They are used to make perfumes or artificial flavorings. Esters are not very reactive. The most important reaction of an ester is its conversion back to the acid and alcohol from which it is derived. This is known as hydrolysis. It is performed by boiling with a mineral acid or better with an alcoholic alkaline solution (Blackburn, 1999). Bromine Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Period: 4 Common valence: 1, 3, 5, and 7 Atomic Weight: 79.904 Natural State: Liquid Common Isotopes: Bromine has 2 stable isotopes, bromine-79 and bromine-81, which occur in about equal proportions in nature. There are several known radio isotopes. PROPERTIES: Bromine is

School Uniforms Essay Example for Free

School Uniforms Essay This essay will discuss about school uniforms. This is important because school uniforms is a big topic with a lot of opinion, so now i will tell my opinion about it. As an example for a pro argument is that every student would be seen as equal. And for a counter argument would be that they cant express their own individuality. It is firmly my belief that school uniforms is not needed in school. One of the most common argument that you hear is about bullying. But if someone in the school wants to bully someone they dont care about the clothes that the person is wearing. So what i mean is that even if we would have uniforms they will find something else to bully the person for. But it might make people understand that they should not judge people of what they are wearing. A lot of people talk about individuality, and a uniform would stop so that you cant express yourself through your cloths. And this is an important time in a teens life to be able to find yourself, where you belong and where you feel comfortable. And this will affect how you are as a person when you become older. But on the other hand you should be able to express yourself through your appearance not only buy clothes. A big problem with school uniforms would cost for the uniforms. It would not be that much of a cost , but if you have more than one child it would be a lot of money in the length of time and especially when the children is in the state of growing so they would need to buy new uniforms quite often. to summarize it all together, it would be hard to say to the students that they would need to wear uniforms because we need our clothes to feel safe as who we are and it would not live up to what they expected as a result if we were given uniforms. This is a big topic that have both pro and cons argument but mine opinion will always be against school uniforms.

Private, public and voluntary sector

Private, public and voluntary sector In my assignment Im going to look at the different between three types of organisation which divided to privet sector, public sector and voluntary sector. As we know about the organisation are group of people who are working together, and the privet sector is the organization who is making special profit to develop his/her own company and it made up of sole proprietor , partnership and franchise which I provide it on Tesco as an example . A public sector is owned by the government so it is a public corporations .finally the voluntary sector which is known by non-profit sector owned by both the government and individual charities and going to use Oxfam as an example. The mostly for-profit benefit is the privet sector and it gets the benefit to the maximum extent while the public sector is going out to meet the needs of individuals rather than for-profit and non-profit sector not-for-profit. In any organisation there must be a goal , which they target that goal or that objectives of the organisation so, there is no reason to meaning-based. Each type of organisition has goal and objective . Tesco was established as a local small business to sell goods and expand all over UK becoming a privet business and then after few years later they opened branches over Europe. Tesco has 3,751 branches all over the word and over 70 million costumers .Tesco aims to make profit they aim to do with launch of a new product and services. The purpose of Tesco is to sell products to customers in cases, even at a loss, but they make it through the sale of other products at mark up. SWOT analysis is a very useful tool for understanding and decision-making for all types of situations in business and organizations. SWOT is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The SWOT analysis headings provide a good framework for reviewing strategy, position and direction of the company or business proposal, or any other nation. SWOT analysis is mainly used for business planning, strategic planning, competitor evaluation, marketing, and business and product development and research reports. The SWOT analysis is an objective assessment of the data organized by the Coordinating Committee for the drudgery of a logical order that helps understanding, presentation, discussion and decision-making. Four dimensions is an extension of the useful list of two basic title for pro and con. SWOT analysis can be used for all types of decision-making, SWOT template can be considered proactive, rather than relying on the usual reactions or instinctive. The application of tools for more efficient, let us consider that the product is being launched in a foreign country Pestle: Designer originally from the work of environmental scanning, and pest or pestle analysis is an analysis of the external environment macro (big picture) in a business that works. These are often factors outside the control or influence in the business, but it is important to be aware of when doing product development, business planning or strategy. Analysis and pestle is often used to go public tool, and find out where the organization or the product is in the context of what is happening outside of this will have some impact at the point of what is happening within the organization. The analysis of the pestle is a business measurement tool, and considers factors external to the organization. Often used in strategic analysis within the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis). Address pestle analysis and a framework to review the situation, and can also be used to review the strategy or position and direction of the company, a proposal, marketing, or idea. There are many variables on this form, including an analysis of the lesions and analysis of the steeple.

In Pride and Prejudice, Austen explores the conditions that will :: English Literature

In Pride and Prejudice, Austen explores the conditions that will allow for the right kind of marriage. Which of the marriages do you think she sees as likely to be the happiest, and why? In Pride and Prejudice, Austen explores the conditions that she believes are required for true happiness through different couples. The couples that she sees to have promising, long lasting relationships are portrayed through characters, which complement one another. She also shows how romantic feelings can overwhelm us. Couples where parties are in love with each other seem very happy, but even so, Austen shows us that this does not mean a long lasting relationship. Austen shows what she believes to be the contributing factors of a happy relationship with longevity, through how she portrays the main characters and their relationships. We are first introduced to Mr and Mrs Bennet at the beginning of the novel; it is their absurd personality clash that causes us to look for qualities in their relationship that could make a good marriage; their, seemingly, satisfied demeanours must not fool us into believing that theirs is a happy marriage. Unlike most other couples in the novel, we are able to see the results of time and its effect on their relationship. We can see, by the way Mr Bennet freely mocks and teases his wife about her 'poor nerves', that it is a regular occurrence and possibly has been for a long time. Mr Bennet had been 'captivated by youth and beauty' but Mrs Bennet's 'weak understanding and illiberal mind' prevented any long lasting affection. They show no signs of being in love at this stage; however, they both seem to draw vague contentment through compromise and small things. For example, when Mr Bennet proclaimed himself adamant not to visit Mr Bingley when his intentions were otherwise. Mr Bennet gets to have his fun and Mrs Bennet gets to have her daughters introduced to a 'young man of large fortune'. Their relationship is not explored much in the novel, we never read of much interaction between the two solely. Like Charlotte Bennet we see that Mr Bennet spends much of his time in his office, as Charlotte learns to cope by spending time in a back room to avoid her husband. It seems that even if their marriage was happy in its beginnings, it did not have the requirements of a happy long lasting marriage. I believe Austen thinks their relationship is comfortable but not happy. Perhaps the most peculiar, surprising marriage is between Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. We see nothing of a previous relationship before engagement, and the text suggests that there was none.

Pawnbroking in the Victorian Era Essay example -- Victorian Era

Pawnbroking in the Victorian Era Pleasant Riderhood â€Å"was an unlicensed pawnbroker, keeping what was popularly called a Leaving Shop, by lending insignificant sums on insignificant articles of property deposited with her as security.† The Leaving Shop was set up by Pleasant’s mother before she died (Dickens 345). Pawning To pawn goods was an easy, legal way to get cash. The shops were maintained to help people hide their hocking habits. Many shops had the entrance at the back of the building (â€Å"Pawnbrokers†). Pawning showed how desperate people were for money because the pawning business only provided temporary relief. The pawnbroker’s â€Å"lend bank notes on ‘Goods honestly come by’ at five per cent., and which they sell if not redeemed† (Poovey 240). Employment in the Pawnbroking Business (1871) * # men=49; # women=79 * Figures also include shopkeepers and dealers (â€Å"The economy†) The Pawnbroker’s Shop The pawnbroker had â€Å"trinkets and expensive jewellery, while the more humble money-lender boldly advertises his calling, and invites observation.†Dickens described...

Chik-Fil-a

Chick-fil-A is one of the most successful fast food restaurant establishments in the country. With over 1,300 locations in 37 states in the Southern U. S. , they continue to grow the brand by expanding to new territories (Chick-fil-A Company, 2009, para 1). In 2008 Chick-fil-A has seen a 12. 17 percent sales increase over the chain’s 2007 performance and a same store sale increase of 4. 59 percent (Chick-fil-A Company, 2009, para1). Throughout the years Chick-fil-A has come up with many innovative ideas to continue expanding business and satisfying their loyal customers. One of the ideas was to offer different types of restaurant set-ups to cater to customer’s needs. The different restaurant set-ups include mall/in line, stand-alone, drive-thru only outlets, dwarf houses, Truett’s grills, licensed non-traditional outlets (franchises) and satellite/lunch-counter. After proper research of different geographical locations the writer has decided to buy into a chic-fil-A franchise zoned in the Columbia County, Grovetown area. Executive Summary Chick-fil-A’s mission is â€Å"to be America's best quick-service restaurant at winning and keeping customers† (ChristiaNet, 2009, para 2). We will strive to be the premier fast food franchise of its kind in the North East market with future goals of expanding into our European territories. Our goal is to keep one step ahead of the competition by offering a clean environment, dynamic customer service, and overall quality products and services. Chick -fil-A's purpose statement reveals the heart of the company: â€Å"That we might glorify God by being a faithful steward in all that is entrusted to our care, and that we might have a positive influence on all the people that we might come in contact with† (ChristiaNet, 2009, para 2). We want our customers to experience the highest level of satisfaction there is to offer during their visit at our franchise. We will deliver a quality controlled atmosphere with efficient state-of-the art appliances, and provide extraordinary customer service so that every customer will benefit from our success. Identify the marketing segment for the product and explain why this segment was selected; The location selected to launch the Chik-fil-a franchise will be in Columbia county centrally located in Grovetown. This area was selected because of its potential profitability. Potential profitability is a function of the current market size, its anticipated growth, current and anticipated levels of competition, and customer behavior and expectations (lacobucci, 2010 ). Columbia County’s rapid growth has transformed this county from a rural neighbor of Augusta to the major suburban county in the second largest metropolitan area in Georgia (Columbia County, 2009, para 1). There a re many reasons for their rapid growth – a growing and diversified job market, a premier school system, affordable land, open spaces lending an air of the countryside, and a stable, conservative county government. Columbia County is predominantly residential and includes a highly-skilled workforce. According to Federal census figures released over the past decade, Columbia is the region's fastest growing county. However, there are still some improvements needed for the revolving community. As stated above Grovetown is a city on the move, constantly reinventing itself to appeal to a variety of residents. However, there are improvements needed that would make the Grovetown area more marketable. Currently there aren’t enough eating places in close proximity to residents living west of the county which is considered Grovetown. There is only one Mexican and Chinese restaurant, a McDonald’s, Subway, and KFC in the community. Surrounding areas offer a larger variety of fast food and dining restaurants but the closest Chic-fil-A is about 10 miles away from the Grovetown area. There are currently only six chik-fil-A locations throughout the city of Augusta which is not considered many at all. That is going to give the entrepreneur a huge advantage at start-up that there is not many other chik-fil-A’s close by and throughout the city. Being that Chick-fil-A is America’s number one choice of fast food, the others don’t stand a chance. Discuss the target market and why these customers will be targeted; The target market will include residents living in the Grovetown/Harlem area and also the army base, Ft. Gordon located approximately 2 miles from the Gate 2 Grovetown entrance. Military personnel make up the vast majority of residents living in the Grovetown area. Ft. Gordon also serves as a training base for new soldiers coming into service so there is a large market segment being targeted. Ft. Gordon only has a Blimpe’s, Popeye’s, Burger King, Godfather’s pizza, Chinese, and Huddle House. Based on the current market, Chik-fil-a will have a huge competitive advantage. With sickness rapidly attacking the bodies of young and older adults healthier alternatives are taken into consideration. Exercise with a combination of healthier diets is now a priority of much of America. Chik-fil-a will be one of the healthier alternatives that Grovetown will welcome hole-heartedly. What’s better than to start your morning with a custom cup of coffee and a low calorie breakfast sandwich? Adding the franchise here will attract morning employees heading to work, 3rd shift workers heading home from work, and many customers in between are most likely to choose Chick-fil-A over McDonald’s and Subway on any given day. Conduct a SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities and treats) analysis for the company; SWOT Analysis Chick-fil-A is a unique position of competition. We compete against neighborhood fast food chains such as McDonald’s, KFC, and Subway. However, there is really no threat against America’s preferred fast food restaurants, Chik-fil-a. Offering numerous low calories, fat free items, Chick-fil-A has the best competitive advantage. The benefits and drawbacks of each of our competitors as compared with the services we offer are hardly a match in quality and price. When it comes to nutrition, McDonald’s falls short of the victory over Chick-fil-A. However, McDonalds wills serve as our most stiff competition. In addition to hamburgers, fries, and soft drinks, McDonalds offer grilled chicken sandwiches, an array of salads, Fruit ‘n Yogurt Parfaits, Apple Dippers with Low Fat Caramel Dip, juice, 1% low fat milk, and, at many restaurants, soups (McDonalds Nutrition, 2009, para 5). It has helped McDonalds tremendously; however, Chik-fil-A’s healthier choices are a bit more pleasing to the taste buds. On the other hand, Subway has proven to have a nutritional advantage over Chick-fil-A but the quality of service or product does not add up to exceed it’s customer base. KFC has surely stepped up their competitive edge by comparing their items to its competitor analyzed by its calorie value. If you go to the KFC website it displays the meal choices and calorie values of McDonalds, Subway and Dunkin Donuts against its new grilled chicken meal. Chick-fil-A was not one of the selected fast food components that KFC could compare itself to. Chick-fil-A’s main strategy is to focus on providing a quality controlled tmosphere for the customer with extraordinary customer service while gaining loyal customers. McDonald’s is focusing on growing market share with a disciplined pricing strategy to provide great tasting food at an affordable price (McDonalds Media Center, 2009, para 3). Chick-fil-A understands that the customer drives the business and that most important is to satisfy the customer through superb customer service by offering extensive training to their employees. The writer can attest that competitor’s such as McDonalds, KFC, and Subway can all use improvement in this area. Another competitive edge is our involvement within the community. We will always oblige to be a sponsor for any charitable activities going on in our community. Chick-fil-A and McDonalds are heard more in the media providing programs and sponsorships for their employees and charity events. The residential outlets are continuing to grow tremendously in Columbia County offering Chik-fil-a great opportunities and sponsorship possibilities. Describe the market position for your product and service. A quality that distinguishes chik-fil-A from there fast food competitor’s is it’s commitment to the customer and as a result they have been honored with three Customer service based awards. Product quality is another area that has an effect on the volume of business. If customers are accustomed to receiving quality produced products they are motivated to buy from the supplier because they know what they can expect each time. That is important element in fast food chains. Who wants to drive away from the restaurant with cold food? Complete turn off for the customer and it is sure to leave a bad taste in their mouth for this particular restaurant. In surveys conducted by Marketing and Research Counselors, Inc. Chick-fil-A’s core menu products, including the Chick-fil-A Chicken Sandwich, Chick-fil-A Chicken Nuggets and Chik-fil-A Chick-n-Strips, have consistently ranked number one in their respective categories (Chick-fil-A: Food, 2007). So chik-fil-a will provide the market with products that are favorable by much of America. The â€Å"Eat Mor Chikin† campaign has increased the chain’s sales five-fold. The chain has turned the theme into a fully integ rated marketing program, which includes store point-of-purchase materials, promotions, radio and TV advertising, and clothing and merchandise sales (Chick-fil-A: The Cows, 2007, para 1 ). Chick-fil-A’s marketing presence is here to stay. The company currently has more than 1,380 restaurants in 37 states and Washington, D. C. and enjoyed an aggressive expansion year, opening 80 new restaurants in 2007 (Chick-fil-A Company, 2007, para ). It’s just a matter of time before this company takes its business global and leaves its competitor’s in the wind. Product/Services America loves Chick-fil-A because it can fit into almost any healthy diet through moderation and balanced menu choices. The Chick-fil-A menu offers 10 menu items with 10 or fewer grams of fat. Foods are also cooked in 100 percent refined peanut oil which is naturally trans-fat and cholesterol free (Chick-fil-A: Food, 2007). So not only are the â€Å"eat mor chikin† products delicious, but nutritious as well. Chick-fil-A’s current marketing plan is a huge success. Chock-full a sponsors many events including the Chick-fil-A Bowl, the Atlantic Coast, Southeastern and Big 12 Conferences and Chick-fil-A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America sponsorships have introduced new audiences to the brand (Chick-fil-A, 2009, para 6). The company participates in many charities around town and always seen in the community volunteering time and making a difference. For the most part prices do not change within a 12 month period. Products offered coincide with all Chick-fil-A locations, however, services vary. We take pride in offering our customers the best service so we will honor product prices that are currently held at the corporate offices.ReferencesChristiaNet. (2009) Chick-fil-A CEO, S. Truett Cathy. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from http://christiannews.christianet.com/1097585115.htm Columbia County. (2009) Columbia County Georgia General Information . Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://www.columbiacountyga.gov/ Hoovers Inc. (2009) Chick-fil-A, Inc.- Overveiw. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from http://www.hoovers.com/company/Chick-fil-A_Inc/hrfkki-1.html Iacobucci, D. (2011). Marketing management: 2010 custom edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. McDonalds. (2009) McDonalds Media Center . Ret rieved December 9. 2009, from http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/eat.html McDonalds. (2009) McDonalds Health, Fitness, and Nutrition . Retrieved December 9. 2009, from http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/eat.html Waiter on the Way. (2009) Chick-fil-a Southwest. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www.waiterontheway.biz/Chick-fil-a%20Southwest

Plaw 210 Memorandum of Law Essay

You asked me to answer the question, â€Å"Are the Virginia courts likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine as set out and applied in Jones v. Star Credit Corp.†, based on the opinion and rulings of previous similar cases. SHORT ANSWER The Virginia courts are highly likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine that has been set out and applied in Jones v. Star Credit Corp. The Jones purchased a freezer unit from Star Credit Corp for $900, three times the retail value of the unit. In this case, the court held that the contract between parties was unconscionable because it violated [HN2] U.C.C.  § 2-302 (1964), which is set in place to prevent the oppression and unfair surprise of the consumer. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The U.C.C.  § 2-302 (1964) enacted the moral sense of the community into the law of commercial transactions. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) There was no fraud involved in this case. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) [HN6] U.C.C.  § 2-302 explains that the meaningfulness of choice essentials to the making of a contract can be negated by a gross inequality of bargaining power. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N .Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Since the salesman was aware of the plaintiff’s limited financial funds, and coerced them into signing the agreement, then that agreement is deemed unconscionable under this law. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) ANALYSIS 1. Jones v. Star Credit Corp. Standard of Unconscionability Plaintiffs Clifton Jones and his wife, both welfare recipients, purchased a $900.00 home freezer unit, with a maximum retail value of $300.00, for a total of $1,234.80. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Their income is grossly unequal to the salesman. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The total price of the home freezer unit included the credit charges, credit life insurance, credit property insurance, and  sales tax. Id. Their first payment towards this unit was $619.88. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Star Credit Corp, the Defendant, claims that with the various added credit charges paid for an extension of time the Jones still owes a balance of $819.81 Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The credit charges alone exceed more than $100.00 the retail value of the unit. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 196 9) Plaintiff argues that the sales agreement was unconscionable according to the Uniform Commercial Code, U.C.C.  §2-302 (1964), which is intended to encompass the price term of an agreement. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) As welfare recipients, the Plaintiff(s) has/have limited finances; therefore the Defendant was able to take advantage of [them]. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969). This was taken into consideration, also whether or not an exploitive and callous act had taken place. Id. â€Å"The very limited financial resources of the purchaser, known to the sellers at the time of the sale, is entitled to weight in the balance. Indeed, the value disparity itself leads inevitably to the felt conclusion that knowing advantage was taken of the plaintiffs.† Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969). The court ruled in the Plaintiffs favor, declaring that the defendant has been amply compensated by the $600.00+ already paid. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The court believes that the sale of a freezer unit having a retail value of $300.00 being sold for $900.00, not including credit charges and $18.00 sales tax is unconscionable as a matter of law. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) a. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Sandra A Derby was seeking a divorce from her husband, George E. Derby, of 22 years. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Husband filed a cross-bill on claims of his wife’s adultery, and persuasion to sign a property settlement agreement without consultation with counsel. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The husband claimed he was coerced into signing the papers with a false pretense of his wife’s eventual return to the family home. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) In this case, Sandra A. Derby had been married to George E. Derby, Jr. for 22 years before seeking a divorce alleging cruelty. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d  74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The wife managed to persuade her husband to amend their property settlement agreement, allowing her to receive the entire value of essentially all of the valuable real estate that they owned. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) This took place in a parking lot with no consultation or counselor present. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The husband explained that he signed the agreement because he thought if he did, his wife would return to the home. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Evidence of his wife’s adultery was presented at trial and the husband was granted a divorce on that ground by the trial court. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The trial court also held that the separation agreement was invalid due to terms of unconscionability and constructive fraud or duress. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The courts applied this rule because a contract can be deemed unconscionable if â€Å"oppressive influences affected the agreement to the extent that the process was unfair and the terms of the resultant agreement unconscionable.† Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Also, the separation agreement can be held as invalid because â€Å"marriage and divorce create a relationship which is particularly susceptible to overreaching and oppression.† Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) This case applied to Jones v. Star Credit Corp. b ecause the plaintiff was taken advantage of by the defendant. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The wife had knowledge of inflicted emotional distress on her husband when she coerced him to sign the agreement. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The trial judge held, and the evidence supports that finding, that Mrs. Derby, â€Å"played upon the weakness of her husband and his desire to reconcile† to exact Mr. Derby. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The Virginia court affirmed the order granting the divorce and invalidating the separation agreement. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989)The court affirmed the order for divorce on grounds of adultery, also holding that the separation agreement was unconscionable due to credible evidence. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) b. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) In this case, Beckner and her husband entered into a commercial lease with Friendly Ice Cream Incorporation commencing in 1976 with an original term limit of 15 years. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v.  Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Lease required annual payment of 2% of the store’s g ross earnings above $275,000. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) In 2002, Mrs. Beckner signed agreement to redevelop the property. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Shortly after, Beckner’s son indicated concern for his mother’s actions, thus requesting the documents be considered invalid and withdrawn for further consideration. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) This is considered establishing a prima facie case of undue influence. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) If the party seeking rescission of the deed or contract produces clear and convincing evidence of great weakness of mind and grossly inadequate consideration or suspicious circumstances, and absent sufficient rebuttal evidence, is entitled to rescission of the document. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The trial court found that Beckner suffered from â€Å"great weakness of mind† and the consideration was grossly inadequate and the transaction had taken place under suspicious circumstances; however court found no support of a grossly inadequate compensation. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The Virginia court found, on the contrary, that the lesser, Beckner, was a business woman. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) On March 22, 2002, Ms. Beckner filed a bill of complaint against Friendly and FriendCo. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The chancellor entered into judgment, ruling in Ms. Beckner’s favor on Count II of her Bill of Complaint-grossly inadequate consideration. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The court reversed the trial court’s decree rescinding the amendment to the lease and requiring repayment of funds by Mrs. Beckner. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Diana Ruth Galloway, former spouse, appeared before the court seeking review of the Mathews County Circuit Court’s ruling reversing the trial court’s ruling that the property settlement agreement between wife and former husband was unconscionable under Va. Code Ann.  §20-151. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Wife failed to prove any  overreaching by the husband, even if she had been able to prove a gross disparity in the division of assets. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Also there was no clear and convincing evidence of overreaching or oppressive behavior by the husband. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The parties were married on June 1, 1984, and separated on October 1, 2001. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) They had neither born nor adopted children into this marriage. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) After their separation in 2001, husband brought the property settlement agreement to wife’s apartment where the wife read it and proposed no changes. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The agreement was executed on September 29, 2001. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The commissioner found the agreement to be unconscionable, because there was a â€Å"gross disparity† that existed between the value of the property each party would receive. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The trial court sustained husband’s objection to the commissioner’s finding of unconscionability. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) This case relates to Jones v. Star Credit Corp in the similarity of monetary value. The freezer was worth a lot less than was priced; the Jones were unaware of the actual value of the unit. Similarly, in thi s case, the value of the property was not made known to the wife. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Appellant wife, Rabha Chaplain, â€Å"challenged the order of the Circuit Court of the city of Virginia Beach (Virginia), which granted appellee husband’s motion to strike the wife’s evidence and found that the parties’ premarital agreement was not unconscionable on its face and was enforceable.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife had no source of income and was also foreign, having limited knowledge of English, therefore not allowing her to read or understand the agreement. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She claimed that her husband had also failed to sit down and explain the terms of the agreement to her before it was executed. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife’s native language was Arabic, having lived in Morocco until the summer of 1996. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Six months after  coming to the United States to visit her brother, she met her husband. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) They were married on September 4, 1997. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She spoke limited English and relied on a translator. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Husband testified that she could read the English menu in a Chinese restaurant. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Within two months of meeting, parties became engaged. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife signed a premarital agreement â€Å"because she trusted her husband.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She had no knowledge of what the agreement held, or that it was a premarital agreement. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She thought it was just â€Å"a paper for marriage†¦like [a] license or something.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) This case also relates to Jones v. Star Credit Corp because the husband failed to disclose a [his] net worth to his wife prior to the execution of the agreement. He declared to his wife that he was a â€Å"poor man† and â€Å"didn’t have the money much.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Jessee, Plaintiff, sued store owner, Smith, seeking $2673.26 for labor pursuant to an oral contract for interior finishing work. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The parties are disputing the method of determining the labor charge, there being evidence that the plaintiff’s oral contract aligned with the trade custom. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The trial court held that there had been no meeting of the minds concerning the labor price and the price demanded by plaintiff was â€Å"exorbitant† and contrary to public policy. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The Defendant, Jesse, a carpenter, testified that he was asked by Smith and by Brenda Garrett, manager of Smith’s store in Norton, if he would finish the work on the interior of the store for a price of â€Å"cost plus ten percent.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) He declined and presented a† cost plus twenty-five percent†, explaining he would have to pay for the materials. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Garrett called Smith at home and told him to â€Å"go ahead and start on Monday.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Smith refused to pay when Jessee presented  Smith with a labor bill of $2,673.26, representing 125% of the cost of the materials. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Smith contended there had been a misunderstanding concerning the labor charge. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The trial court moved to strike down the evidence of the oral contract. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) It also ruled the contract unenforceable on the ground of public policy. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The judge had reasoned the labor charge was â€Å"exorbitant.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The courts reversed the trial court’s judgment, which dismissed the carpenter’s action against the store owner to recover under an oral contract, because they failed to submit the contract question to the jury. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The case was remanded for a new trial, if the parties were advised to do so. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) This case is similar to Jones v. Star Credit Corp. because monetary value was an issue of controversy. The monetary value of this job was not made clear or explained properly to the Plaintiff beforehand. Conclusion Because the salesman was dishonest in his dealing with Jones, and did not reveal the actual price value of the home freezer unit, the courts will find the contract unconscionable based on previous rulings of similar cases. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The Virginia court will apply the same standard as set forth in Jones, and will not apply any other standard. In each of these cases, people were misled into or coerced into signing a contract, when they were unsure of the terms and conditions, and were without counsel, causing the defendant to feel as if they had the upper right hand in the matter. In each case the plaintiff was left unknowing the actual monetary value of the issue, the defendant failed to reveal it. A contract is considered unconscionable when the defendant does not take the proper steps to ensure that the plaintiff is made fully aware and understands what is involved in the contract, and also the exact monetary value in the contract. So in answer to the presented question, yes, the Virginia courts are highly likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine that has been set out and applied in the Jones v. Star Credit Corp. case.