SWOT Analysis on Non-Alcoholic Beverages - 1007 Words

Company Description and SWOT Analysis Sheryl Medford-Mark Professor Joaquin Angles Strategic Management July 16, 2015 Create your revised NAB Company. Freshi Inc. is an American multinational non-alcoholic beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of Gatorade and other products. Freshi was formed in 1956 with the merger of the Freshi-tea and Juicy, Inc. Freshi has since expanded from its namesake product Freshi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which includes an acquisition of Topdrinks in 1998 and a merger with Leeds Oats in 2001, which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio. The major product†¦show more content†¦Three types of risks Firstly, there is increased focus on negative health effects of soft drinks and unhealthy foods. The risk to our company is that persistent and continued emphasis on these effects may curtail soda and snack-food consumption. Soda makers are banding together to proactively tackle the issue. In selected cities next year, they will roll out vending machines that will not only display the number of calories in a container of soda, but also suggest a lower-calorie beverage option. Fast-food operators have mostly borne the brunt of the backlash against unhealthy foods. Secondly, there are legislation risks: A proposed soda tax aimed at curbing obesity could put increased pressure on PepsiCo. Capitalization Risk: Our credit rating was lowered due to the debt we took on to fund bottler acquisitions. The acquisitions and restructuring costs will pressure bottom-line growth in the short term and have the potential to lower return on investment and increase commodity cost pressures. Develop a SWOT analysis for your company. Strengths Product diversity Extensive distribution channel Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) projects Competency in mergers and acquisitions 22 brands earning more than $1 billion a year Successful marketing and advertising campaigns Complementary product salespeople Proactive and progressive Weaknesses Over-dependence on major stores Low pricing Questionable practices Much weaker brand awarenessShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing Audit Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagescompetitors’ level of profitability †¢ Their number/concentration. †¢ Their relative strengths and weaknesses of competition. †¢ The marketing plans and strategies of our competition. There are number of tools and audits that can be used, for example SWOT analysis for the internal environment, as well as the external environment. Other example includes PEST and Five Forces Analyses, which focus solely on the external environment. In many ways marketing audit clarifies opportunities and threats and allowsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Pepsicos Competitors959 Words   |  4 PagesSimilar to the beverages industry, an increase of consumer awareness of health effects and government regulations is majorly impacting the snack industry. According to Henkes (2017), production costs will increase by at least 50% within the next 5 years due to new requirements and consumer trends such as the source of ingredients, nutritional values, organic, certified, health and wellness, and accountability. Despite the increasing costs, the most recent global survey, Snack Attack, indicatedRead MoreMission Statement : The Coca Cola Company Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesProductivity: Being a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization.† (The Coca-Cola Company , 2016). Company Description: The Coca-Cola company is a world renown company eminently known for its wide-range of non-alcoholic soft drinks. This company is a dominant beverage manufacturer and is currently selling in two-hundred countries while tailoring to each ethnic culture and background within each country. Coca-Cola currently holds four divisions within the company: Replenishment, HealthRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Coca Cola Company1249 Words   |  5 Pages SWOT and Strategy Evaluation Paper Esteban D. Romero PHL/320 March 23, 2016 Dr. David Aiken Company Overview The Coca-Cola Company is a leading giant in the soft drink manufacturing industry. The company creates, produces, distributes and markets non-alcoholic beverage syrups and concentrates to bottlers worldwide to produce soft drinks, and artificially carbonated beverages. 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The main purpose of the store is to serve non-alcoholic beverages like coffee and yogurts to the people in my neighborhood who will have travel almost a mile to get to the nearest beverage store. My Parlor is a neighborhood beverages store where customers can bring their families to have a thirst quenching non-alcoholic beverages, especially during the summer season. The word MY was chosen to give customers a kind of sense of ownershipRead MoreThe Industry Leaders Of The Non Alcoholic Beverage Market2117 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout this report, we will be exploring the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat for each of these publically traded companies. We will further compare and analyse the financial performance of these two industry leaders of the non-alcoholic beverage market. 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On the other hand beers are turning of and wines are becoming more popular, awareness on the effect of alcohol, decline of consumption on-Read MoreCoca Cola Marketing Plan Analysis1286 Words   |  6 PagesSummary The coca cola company is widely known as one of the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of non alcoholic beverages, operating in more than 312 countries in the world and holds a licence to at least 500 beverages. This report presents a marketing plan for the Coca Cola company and analyses coca cola’s marketing strategies, marketing mix and also looks into the SWOT analysis. The history of Coca Cola began in 1886 when pharmacist John Pemberton from Atlanta mastered a flavoured syrupRead MoreAl Ahram Beverages1451 Words   |  6 PagesCase Analysis Al Ahram Beverages Company â€Å"2† By: Marmina Abdel-Malek 900 00 1809 Fall 09 â€Æ' I- Overview: ABC was a public company originally found in 1897, that has been nationalized in 1963, until it had been privatized in 1997 and acquired by the Luxor Investment group represented by Ahmed el Zayat as a CEO and board chairman. Luxor group is an American investment group focusing on investment more than the business itself. Zayat’s vision and objectives: Marinating local market dominance and transforming

Persuasive Essay My Portfolio - 1140 Words

My portfolio demonstrates that I lacked in argumentative purpose, execution, sentence structure, grammar, formatting, and clarity. However, my overall portfolio shows my quality in writing has increased and improved in those areas throughout the semester and overall became a better writer. Throughout this semester, I struggled with argumentative purpose. This really showed in essay one and two, but improved in essay three and four. In essay one, I struggled with communicating the argument to the reader which was the main purpose of the essay. However, i also struggled with describing Pearce’s argument without using a lot of quotes in my essay. Before i revised essay one, it failed to help the reader understand Pearce’s argument and i received a grade of 62. I realized that my essay lacked argumentative purpose when you wrote â€Å"Imagine your reader has not read pearce article yet. How can you explain to them so that they understand his major points and thesis. What details will they need that may be lacking here†(Appendix 1). In my revised essay, i explained Pearce’s main points of the essay and also made the argument clear for the reader to understand. I realized i improved on the argumentative purpose section in essay one when i receive d a grade of 98 and you wrote â€Å" Excellent revisions for Unit One. This draft is clear and does a wonderful job explaining the main points of Pearce’s essay. The object of this first unit is to describe the argument of the author without havingShow MoreRelatedMy Portfolio Is A Reflection Of The Two Best864 Words   |  4 PagesMy portfolio is a reflection of the two best essays that I wrote during the English 101 course during the 2016 spring semester. It contains my Media Analysis essay, â€Å"Imagine the Possibilities,† and my Research-based Academic Argument (RBAA), â€Å"Euthanasia.† These two essays are my best work, and were both improvements from the first essay that I completed for this class. With many hours being put into both of these papers, I worked hard to stay organized and have good research, both things that I previouslyRead MoreI Have A Good Writer949 Words   |  4 Pageslearned that I love the world and I have statistics. One of the mo st important things I have learned this year is that I have potential. I have potential to be a good writer. I have always loved writing and reading. Maybe it is because my mother imprinted it upon my brother and myself to read a lot. Perhaps it is because I truly love the smell and feel of books, or the release you get from writing out what you have been keeping inside. Either way, I have loved writing and reading, and this year IRead MoreI have been a student in English Composition II for one semester in which I have learned many700 Words   |  3 Pagesa writer. My writing skills have largely improved as well as my knowledge on how to make my claims depending on the type of audience and of course on what my claim is. 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These included writing a clear thesis statement, showing awareness of my audience, and revealing the effectRead MoreAnalysis Of Christopher Columbus And Charles Lindbergh804 Words   |  4 Pagesh ave wrote numerous essays, with generally positive results. Several of the essays exceeded expectations, while others reached expectations to a modest extent, but all of the essays were supported by the writing skills that I had learned that year, regardless of my strengths or weaknesses with these skills. These techniques vary extensively, from comparing and contrasting ideas in a text to editing and revising essays for quality results, which is proven in my writing portfolio. The first skillRead MoreSample Learning Outcomes: Understanding the Functions of Essays1509 Words   |  7 Pagespurposefully in order to generate support writing†(Outcome 2), â€Å" To produce complex, analytic, persuasive arguments that matter in academic contexts†(Outcome 3) and lastly, â€Å"To develop flexible strategies for revising, editing, and proofreading writing.†(Outcome 4)All of these different writing outcomes are demonstrated within four of my essay’s that have been written and presented in my portfolio. At the beginning of my semester of writing I struggled to meet these quotas and had issues explaining and deliveringRead MoreThe Importance Of Writing781 Words   |  4 PagesAll throughout my public school education, the majority of my writing consisted of persuasive essays. While I have grown to become confident in my ability to produce this type of writing, when I started college, I felt lost writing research papers. 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In the past few years in English, I have never bothered to read my papers over once I finished writing them. As soon as I was done, I would save it and turn it in. I preferred to edit as I went along, which I still do, however that was not sufficient. Reading the whole paper over gave me a better look at the format of

Tikal Free Essays

With its plethora of palaces, altars, shrines, and soaring temples, Tikal may be the premier Maya site. For over 1,100 years, the Maya built here, expanding the site until it covered an area of 25 square miles. In its heyday, the city may have had 100,000 residents, and it was ruled by a single dynasty of over 39 successive rulers. We will write a custom essay sample on Tikal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The heart of the site is the Great Plaza, which is surrounded by the Central Acropolis, the North Acropolis, and Temples I and II.In the North Acropolis alone, 100 buildings lie piled atop one another. Temple I is 145 feet tall, but it is dwarfed by Temple IV. At 212 feet, Temple IV, built around A. D. 741, is the tallest pre-Columbian structure in the Western Hemisphere. Champey is located 11km to the south of Lanquin, in a valley with steep walls, surrounded by tropical humid forest. There is a 300m long limestone bridge, on top of which there are several natural pools of different sizes, filled with crystalline mountain spring water.The pools are 3-14 ft. deep. Underneath the bridge is the Cahabon River. At the end of the bridge, the water from the pools falls rejoining the river, forming a 40ft waterfall. The color of the water changes during the year depending on the season, sun and other natural factors, making for unique picture-taking opportunities. It is a beautiful place, often called idyllic. Copan is located in northern Honduras. The first descriptions of Copan appeared in a letter to King Philip II of Spain dated March 8, 1576.Home to the longest text in Precolumbian America, the stairway provides a history of Copan written in stone. More than 2,200 blocks rise from steps that recorded the history of the 16th ruler Yax K’uk Mo’. Carved out of greenish andesite makes this even more fascinating. Alter Q shows Yax K’uk Mo’ transferring power to the final ruler of Copan, Yax Pac. During Holly Week, Antigua Guatemala hosts the most beautiful religious celebration in the America, when huge processions wind their way through the town’s streets. The Spanish Colonial style permeates every part of the town: its houses, churches, squares, parks and ruins, also its traditions and folklore as well Copan Ruinas, a small and beautiful town just a few minutes from the Copan Mayan Ruins. It is a peaceful town that offers you all basic services you need to make your visit an enjoyable experience, such as hotels, restaurants, museums, handicrafts, and many other amenities. Just a few minutes away, the Copan Archaelogical Park, declared by UNESCO a Patrimony to Humanity, is waiting for you.Copan Ruinas is located on the Western side of Honduras, very near the border with Guatemala. It is only 12 km from the border crossing point of El Florido, and about 240 km from Guatemala City and 160 km from San Pedro Sula, which is the main Honduran gateway into Copan. http://www. semucchampey. com/en/semuc-champey. html https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt. html http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/maya/media/copa_01_q. html http://www. lonelyplanet. com/guatemala/practical-information/money-costs http://mayaruins. com/yucmap. html How to cite Tikal, Papers

SOLAR ENERGY THE ENERGY OF THE FUTURE About 47 Essay Example For Students

SOLAR ENERGY THE ENERGY OF THE FUTURE? About 47 Essay SOLAR ENERGY THE ENERGY OF THE FUTURE? About 47 per cent of the energy that the sun releases to the earth actually reaches the ground. About a third is reflected directly back into space by the atmosphere. The time in which solar energy is available, is also the time we least need it least daytime. Because the suns energy cannot be stored for use another time, we need to convert the suns energy into an energy that can be stored. One possible method of storing solar energy is by heating water that can be insulated. The water is heated by passing it through hollow panels. Black-coated steal plates are used because dark colours absorb heat more efficiently. However this method only supplies enough energy for activities such as washing and bathing. The solar panels generate low grade heat, that is, they generate low temperatures for the amount of heat needed in a day. In order to generate high grade heat, intense enough to convert water into high-pressure steam which can then be used to turn electric generators there must be another method. The concentrated beams of sunlight are collected in a device called a solar furnace, which acts on the same principles as a large magnifying glass. The solar furnace takes the sunlight from a large area and by the use of lenses and mirrors can focus the light into a very small area. Very elaborate solar furnaces have machines that angle the mirrors and lenses to the sun all day. This system can provide sizeable amounts of electricity and create extremely high temperatures of over 6000 degrees Fahrenheit. Solar energy generators are very clean, little waste is emitted from the generators into the environment. The use of coal, oil and gasoline is a constant drain, economically and environmentally. Will solar energy be the wave of the future? Could the worlds requirement of energy be fulfilled by the powerhouse of our galaxy the sun? Automobiles in the future will probably run on solar energy, and houses will have solar heaters. .

Socialization Definition Essay Samples Essay Example

Socialization Definition Essay Samples Essay Define socialization The environment largely influences our perceptions, which leads to diversity. Eddie D. Love (2014) wrote an article on LinkedIn on how the environment influences individual perception. He begins by defining the word perception, which literary translates to how we view things. Every living being is entitled to have thoughts of their own. However, these thoughts are tailored by the environment in which that individual is exposed to. Psychologists characterize perceptions as being positive and negative. These perceptions are what makes us different from each other. Positive perception is as a result of the things we find attractive in our environment, and which make us feel good and uplift our moods. On the other hand, people attribute negative perception to painful or unpleasant memories. These positive and negative images are products of the environment, which is a primary factor on how interact with other people. So, how does our perceptions of the environment make us different from each other? Eddie D. Love (2014) argues that people who grow up in different environments view life differently. For example, those that perceive the environment in a negative manner often find it hard to conform to the ways of others. The same also happens to those who positively view the environment because they have a different way of thinking that differs from those with a negative perception. We will write a custom essay sample on Socialization Definition Essay Samples specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Socialization Definition Essay Samples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Socialization Definition Essay Samples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, the different perceptions of the environment affect the emotional intelligence among a group of people. Negative environments will harden an individual and inspire them to do better in life whereas positive environments do not inspire the person to become fearless and assertive in any environment (Love, 2014). Therefore, our perception of the environment makes us different in various ways, such as inspirational level, emotional intelligence and problem solving skills. Additionally, children that grow up in unsafe environments filled with crime end up engaging in crime. Those that grow up in a secure environment with loving parents grow up to fulfill their dreams and become successful. Hence, our differences are as a result of our perceptions of the environment. In conclusion, our surrounding plays a key role in our development. Human beings would be similar if they were raised in the same environment. Using studies, psychologists have proven that the environment greatly influences individual development, which affects how they relate with each other (Shergill, 2012). Indeed, our abilities to view the environment leads to diversity. Negative perceptions of the environment results in the individual having different thoughts and different goals in life. On the other hand, individuals with positive perceptions of the environment often aim for greater things. Thus, the two individuals are different because of their different perceptions of the environment. Shergill (2012) brings forth a discussion that how we perceive the environment not only makes us different from each other, but also different from animals. Likewise, the environment molds individuals into what they will become in future. It is true that the environment plays a fundamental rol e into our development. References Love, E. (2014). Retrieved 22 March 2018, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141104055117-198091596-how-your-environment-influences-your-perception Shergill, H. (2012). Experimental psychology. [Place of publication not identified]: Prentice-Hall Of India Pv. What is socialization Shared reality is a phenomenon in which people induce themselves to other peoples opinions or they adopt other peoples perceptions regarding an issue or event. That is the way how we perceive our environment and it make us different from each other. Moreover, shared reality theory is a branch of psychology and termed as Social Psychology. Charles Horton Cooley an American sociologist in 1902 termed the social psychology as Looking-glass Self. Nowadays, shared reality can be witnessed very largely in the social media networks like Facebook where people share their opinions and perceptions and other people like as well as comment on that opinion/perceptions. Social Cognition: It is matter of fact that shared reality is a social cognition (the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning). Indeed, humans actually attune behaviors like eating, dressing, liking and disliking of music as well as the thought process from the people around them. Even, if a person does not mingle with other person, but indeed he/she must think about other person and may also start fantasizing him/her. Therefore, shared reality is a type of social cognition which is by birth in the human nature. How will peoples Facebook posting behavior affect the construction of shared reality? A common phenomenon on social media like Facbook is everyone is busy in posting his/her understanding or thoughts about a specific issue or event. The people connected to that person via Facebook are likely to like, dislike, comment or confront to the understanding or thought. There are four factors which are influential to determine that how a persons Facebook posting behavior affects the construction of shared reality. 1) Specific audience, 2) abstract audience, 3) independent variable, and 4) dependent variable. All four are briefly explained here under: Specific audience: When we talk about specific audience in respect of social media and in reference of shared reality, it means the people who are targeted or deemed to be the target of the specific opinion or perception shared on the social media i.e. Facebook. This is the determined or specific audience. Abstract audience: Similarly, an abstract audience is the audience which is not known and cannot be determined by a person who is going to share his/her opinion or perception on the social media i.e. Facebook in reference of shared reality. Independent variable: Independent variable is the indicator that adhere the audience type and its reaction towards your opinion/perception on some issue or event. For instance, when someone posts an article on his own timeline, in return he/she will receive abstract imagined audience, posting the same article on a friends timeline will return with specific imagined audience, and emailing the article to own self gets into control condition. All of these are independent variables. Dependent variable: Dependent variable is the condition where memory is checked and what you measured in the experiment required to be recalled and write down to examining the memory and knowing the confidence that one showed for his recall. The dependent variable measures organic memory effects. Conclusion: At the end of treatise, the meaning and importance of shared reality and its linkage with the social media particularly as discussed and defined above with the Facebook has been examined and understanding is being unveiled that shared reality is a phenomena in which one person match his perception to the other person. However, it has also been recognized that shared reality is actually a form of social cognition which belongs to the cognitive process of a human being. The affects of Facebook posting behavior and its factors has also been examined .With all above, it has been concluded that shared reality is actually an inbuilt human evolution process which was defined in 1902 by Charles Horton Cooley as Looking-glass Self.

Agents in Tourism Industry Research Paper

Agents in Tourism Industry Research Paper Agents in Tourism Industry Research Paper Research Paper on Agents in Tourism Industry: Tourism presents one of the fastest growing industries in the world because information and communication technology has enabled people to identify tourism destinations worthy a visit. Although the trend appears similar to both developing and developed nations, the former have witnessed unprecedented rise in the number of tourists from around the world coming to enjoy scenic land features and ecosystems. In effect, governments have responded correspondingly by enhancing the role they play in tourism development. In emerging nations (such as Thailand and South Africa) and developing countries (such as Kenya), tourism contributes a significant part to the national economies. Common in other countries, governments have begun to play the role of planners, managers, facilitators, stimulators, and regulators of tourism activities in an effort to promote development in their tourism sectors (Sharpley Telfer 2002). In addition, some players have come up to complement the efforts of the gove rnments and others, to protect the environment and local communities against the capitalist desires of the government. Private enterprises provide support in form of investment and advice to state institutions involved in tourism. Local communities identify and report to government about potential tourist sites and regions as well as protecting the natural and cultural resources against destruction. Other major agents in tourism industry in the countries include multinational agencies, non-governmental organizations, and media, among others. The governments have formed various partnerships with the other agents from the private sector to work cooperatively in promoting sustainable growth of respective tourism sectors (Huybers 2007). Although the partnerships have worked well in some cases, they have encountered various hurdles in other cases that have limited their success. The current research explores the various agents involved in tourism industry in developing and emerging nations. It examines the role of government institutions and roles of other players, including media, international organizations, local communities, and others. The research also explores the nature of partnership between private and public organizations in the countries. Government’ s Role The legislative, executive, and judiciary arms of government have great influence on tourism development in many countries, including both developed and developing countries. In third world countries, the level of influence depends on the perceived economic importance that tourism holds in the overall economy and the extent of the relationships between different government institutions as well as political, social, and cultural characteristics of the nations. Although government institutions vary from one country to another depending on the type of government (for example, democratic or communist), the major institutions that have significant influence on the tourism industry include central and local (or provincial) governments, law enforcement agencies, administrative units, courts, and other units of governance. According to Sharpley and Telfer (2002), the major roles played by governments of emerging and developing nations include planning, management, policymaking and regulation , investment, protection of interests of different stakeholders, social tourism, and promotion. Planning Government plans for all major development activities and operations in the tourism industry. Majority of tourist attractions include natural endowments, such as natural ecosystems, attractive natural sceneries, and other natural features in different countries (Huybers 2007). Since tourism value of such endowments form a significant part of national economies in developing countries, government has a major obligation to plan on how tourism operations and other related activities should be carried out to protect and preserve the endowments. The plans may involve a wide range of operations, including maps of land usage in areas neighboring the endowments, marketing plans, layouts of infrastructure (roads, accommodation facilities, and other support services), and plans of the recommended modes of transport in different tourist attraction sites. The planning may be short-term or long-term, demonstrating how government expects development of tourism sector to be in future. For instance, Thailand government has been involved in various planning activities owing to the significant role played by tourism in the national economy. In 2008, the government released a marketing plan explaining how it intends to promote the various tourist destinations in the country (Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) n.d.). In the same year, Kenyan government also released its tourism strategic plan for the period from 2008 to 2012, showing how the government expects to promote its tourist attractions, fund development of its tourism sector, and monitor tourist operations (Ministry of Tourism (MOT), Kenya n.d.). Management Tourism development involves collaborative efforts of many stakeholders, including government, international players, local societies, private sector groups, and many others. Thus, it is essential for the government to manage or coordinate these stakeholders in an effort to ensure smooth operations in the sector. Government manages the activities of the various stakeholders to minimize replication of efforts among themselves and to align their practices with the objectives and goals laid down in planning (Sharpley Telfer 2002). Without government coordination, it is not be possible for the various public institutions and other stakeholders to know areas conducive to tourism development, government plans in place to promote tourism development in various regions, and the efforts being made by other stakeholders in achieving development objectives. As a result, stakeholders would reproduce efforts of other players in the sector, a situation likely to lead to increased development acti vities in some areas of the sector at the expense of others. Therefore, government’s role as a manager of the tourism industry serves to harmonize the efforts of all players with objectives of tourism plans for even development in all tourism areas within the country. In many developing countries, governments establish specialized public institutions to coordinate activities of domestic and international tourism operators. For instance, Department of Tourism in Kenya is the government unit responsible for managing all activities related to tourism development in the country. In Thailand, TAT coordinates activities of domestic tourism agents and international partners to ensure balanced development in all sectors of the tourism industry according to government plans. The Department of Tourism, South Africa has a legal mandate to manage development activities at provincial, national, and international levels to ensure that they are in line with government goals regarding touris m industry in the country (Lubbe 2003). Regulation and Legislation Government develops and implements legislations intended to regulate development in the tourism industry. It formulates various legislations to control tourism operations in an effort to promote development in the sector, type and nature of stakeholders to participate in the industry, to establish and conserve natural endowments perceived as tourist attractions. In addition, it also implements laws to regulate contributions of other sectors of the economy to tourism. For instance, legislative efforts to regulate entry of foreigners into the country, taxes paid by citizens and foreigners, protection of the environment, and labor inevitably affect development activities in tourism industry. Tourism legislative framework in Kenya demonstrates the nature of the regulative role of government in the industry. The country has a comprehensive Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (WCMA) that controls tourist activities in specific sites (lakes, ocean, forests, and land features) as well a s other related ecological sources that influence survival of the tourist sites. It has also enacted other laws to control operations that support tourism, including the Hotels and Restaurants Act (HRA) and the Tourist Industry Licensing Act (TILA) (MOT, Kenya n.d.). Investment In any developing, emerging, or developed nation, government invests heavily in tourism industry to complement investment efforts by the private individuals and organizations. It not only invests in those areas perceived as capital-intensive projects, but also in regions considered unworthy for investment by private entrepreneurs. In many developing nations, governments have invested heavily in establishing museums, national parks, game reserves, beaches, roads, airports, airline, other transportation means, hospitals, and other tourism related infrastructure. They have also undertaken investment in other low-risk projects, such as accommodation and travel services. For instance, Thailand government has established more than 100 national parks, comprising of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that serve as tourist attractions (TAT n.d.). It has also build an effective road network, making the parks easily accessible to both domestic and international tourists. Facilitation Government role as a facilitator of tourism development has a great influence on growth of the tourism industry in emerging and developing nations. It facilitates development in a wide range of ways. Through law enforcement agencies, it ensures security and safety of tourists and tourism operators and their investments (Sharpley Telfer 2002). For instance, Kenyan government created a dedicated tourist police unit to ensure security and safety of tourist while visiting the various parks and attractions in the country. It can also stimulate development through provision of subsidies, grants, and tax breaks to encourage private individuals and firms to invest in the sector as well as to attract tourists. A good example is Thailand where it refunds value-added tax (VAT) tariffs to tourists when they purchase goods and other items at designed retail centers. Other Influences Government plays other roles, such as promotion of their countries as tourist destinations, development of social tourism, and safeguarding of interests of the public (Sharpley Telfer 2002). It establishes various products to market the various tourist attractions available in the nation in an effort to attract tourists and investors into the sector. In other countries, such as Kenya and Thailand, government promotes social tourism, encouraging tourists to visit the countries to witness and learn about various cultures espoused by different communities. Government also participates in tourism development by protecting the interests of the public against exploitation by private investors. It gives some part of revenues collected in tourist attractions back to the neighboring communities and requires private investors to establish corporate social responsibility programs to improve living standards of people living in regions adjacent to their facilities. Role of Others Agents Besides government, other parties in Third World countries play significant roles in tourism industry. Among others, they include local communities, private enterprises, media, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational agencies. Local Communities Like government, local communities have greatest influence on development of tourism industry. Environmental conservation remains the major role of local societies, as they coexist with various tourist attractions available in their country. They have a responsibility to coexist with biodiversity within ecosystems and report any environmental malpractice by some of their members, public officers, and private investors to the relevant authorities. In majority of developing countries, the communities have become essential components of cultural tourism. They form cultural groups to attract local and foreign tourists to come and see their cultural heritage as well as to entertain the tourists when they visit neighboring sites. For example, Kenya is well known internationally for its wide variety of cultural tourist activities organized by various local communities. Tourists to Masai Mara National Reserve have the opportunity to enjoy not only the vast diversity of animals, but also the cultural heritage (dances, houses, and dressing) of Masai community, one of few Kenyan communities that have preserved its culture amidst widespread influence of Western cultures on way of life of many Kenyans (MOT, Kenya n.d.). According to Lubbe (2003), local people may invest into the tourism industry as private investors or partner with government, NGOs, and international agencies to establish projects that foster tourism development. In various countries, communities have partnered with the government and NGOs to advocate for sustainable tourism development. They have championed for doing tourism operations and activities in a way that protects and conserves the environment, which influences greatly survival of the various ecosystems serving as tourist destinations. Moreover, the communities can also play a role of domestic tourists by visiting national parks, game reserves, and other attractions within their countries. Private Enterprises In developing or emerging nations, Sharpley and Telfer (2002) argue that private investors complement entrepreneurial role of government in the tourism sector. The major contributions of the private enterprises include investments in the travel and hotel and accommodation industries. In the travel industry, they establish travel agencies to offer various services to tourists. They serve as travel agents who approach potential tourists and organize all travel requirements, including visas for the tourists. They also organize means of transport for the tourists during visits to the various tourist destinations within their nations. In majority of developing countries, private investors remain the major travel agents of tourists. In hotel and accommodation industry, they invest heavily in hotels and restaurants in regions surrounding tourism sites. Through the investments, they offer employment opportunities to many local people, thereby improving living standards of local communities. In addition, they support government in development of infrastructure in regions where they operate. For instance, they build roads and invest in conservation projects in tourism sites where their facilities are located as a way to attract tourists to their businesses. Media Media’s role in the sector involves marketing and bringing awareness among all stakeholders about the tourism in emerging or Third World nations (Lubbe 2003). Domestic and international media run different programs intended to promote various tourism sites and adventures offered by such sites in a bid to encourage people to visit those sites. Emergence of internet and computer technology has provided a means to the government to promote tourist destinations to people around the world. In the case of Kenya, Thailand, and South Africa, every government has integrated information technology to support tourism promotional activities. Anybody in the world can access these websites to learn most the details about tourism in the nations, including various destinations, interactive maps showing how to get to the destinations, various attractive features to expect in the sites, nearby hotels, relevant travel agents, and rates of the services. Thus, potential tourists can choose on thei r own potential destinations to visit and plan effectively. As an education tool, it provides a platform through which different stakeholders can understand, learn, and enjoy opportunities offered by various regions within a country. It brings awareness among public about various tourist destinations within their country and importance of conserving the sites. It also makes private enterprises aware of opportunities and benefits in various regions in the nations, enabling them to invest in underdeveloped areas of tourism industry. NGOs NGOs play an essential complementary role of facilitating and advocating for sustainable and equitable tourism development in Third World and emerging nations. Like any other sector of economy, tourism requires some level of activism to compel governments and private enterprises to run their operations in ways that respect the rights of local communities and in a manner that conserves the environment. If left alone, private investors can collude with governments to exploit opportunities provided by the tourism industry to increase their profits at the expense of the environment and local people. As a result, NGOs intervene in developing countries to champion for the rights of the poor and natural ecosystems. They include non-profit, voluntary organizations, bringing together individuals at local, national, and international levels to fight for environmental justice (Sharpley Telfer 2002). Among others, some examples include Oxfam Community Aid Abroad (OCAA), EcoVitality, Internation al Ecotourism Society and Conservation International, and African Propoor Tourism Development Centre (APTDC). These organizations play different roles to realize their objectives in developing countries. Some play advocacy role of compelling governments and private investors to engage in sustainable tourism development while improving the lives of the poor in the community. For example, APTDC falls within this category as it works closely with the Kenyan tourism stakeholders. It comes in during government planning of tourism activities where it brings together relevant public institutions, local communities, and private enterprises to discuss and share information on the best ways to carry out tourism operations to preserve the environment and benefit poor people within the community. APTDC also monitors effects of tourism on host communities and environment and then attempts to advise government, international agencies, and other major stakeholders to reevaluate their development activities and operations. Others play a facilitative role, offering ecotourism services to tourists and helping local communities to establish ecotourism investments. For instance, EcoVitality provides tou rists to developing countries in Africa with environment-friendly travel services. The NGO uses the earnings obtained from the services to finance conservation efforts in Namibia aimed at protecting lions in national parks. Another NGO, OCAA, provides non-profit tour services (travel and accommodation) aimed at reducing the effects of tourists on the environment and local communities and benefiting host communities in emerging and developing nations. International Agencies Various multinational organizations comprised of governments and tourism organizations from different countries influence growth of tourism industries in developing nations. Their major objective entails scrutinizing tourism developments in those nations to ensure that they conform to standards acceptable globally. According to Lubbe (2003), major global tourism agencies include World Trade Organization (WTO), International Air Transport Association (IATA), International Hotel Restaurant Association (IHRA), and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). WTO represents the only international agency responsible for coordinating all facets of tourism development in the globe. It coordinates national and international stakeholders in planning, development, and implementation of tourism projects in almost every country across the globe. It also facilitates conferences among different local and global tourism agents to address and share information about the issues facing tourism and possible alternative approaches to address them. It plays an educative role of doing research on different problems facing developing nations and offering information to them on how to solve the issues. Other roles include educating and training future professionals as well as promoting ecotourism initiatives in both developed and developing countries (Huybers 2007). WTTC comprises of private enterprises from the various sectors of national tourism industry, including accommodation, catering, travel, transportation, and other tourism-related enterprises. Its major role entails promoting and campaigning for entrepreneurship in the international tourism sector. It promotes tourism development as a means to reduce unemployment levels in developing nations. It promotes for liberalization of world market in all sectors that influence or relate to tourism industry (Lubbe 2003). In addition, it negotiates with governments (on behalf of its members) to eliminate protectionist policies that would cause uneven competition among the different players in the industry. It encourages its members to embrace sustainable development and interact with local communities effectively to alleviate their standards of living. IHRA and IATA can be regarded as subsets of WTTC, with IHRA playing specialized roles in tourism and hospitality industry, and IATA playing simila r roles to those of WTTC in the air travel industry. To some extent, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations Environmental Agency (UNEP), World Health Organizations (WHO) also play significant role in tourism sectors of developing countries. For instance, IMF provides funds to governments for financing infrastructure, while WHO monitors and informs tourists and local communities about disease outbreaks in different regions of the globe. Public-Private Relationship The nature of tourism industry calls for a positive relationship between government institutions and non-governmental agents for sustained development. It requires substantial resources (capital, infrastructure, human resources, and others) and comprises many activities, making it impossible for either government or private enterprises to handle on its own. Thus, it becomes essential for the government to seek collaboration with other agents to foster tourism growth. Advantages One of the advantages presented by the partnership includes enhanced effectiveness of tourism policies in the country. Development of tourism policies (for example, economic, planning, or environmental management) involves a complex process that requires a comprehensive understanding of all factors surrounding issue under consideration (Huybers 2007). Although public policy-making in many developing nations remains the sole responsibility of government, participation by private entities is needed to make the policy more responsive to issue at hand. Private agents, particularly local communities and enterprises directly affected by the problem, stand in a better position to understand the issue effectively. Thus, government can invite them to discuss and exchange information about the problem and methods to solve it effectively. This minimizes resistance from the private agents that occurs when governments develop and implement tourism policies without consultation. The partnership mi nimizes financial burdens that the government or private agents would have shouldered if they implemented projects independently. It not only enables the partners to share expertise, information, financial resources, and others, but it also eliminates duplication of efforts. They meet frequently to discuss and agree on how to collaborate in form of resources to develop the various sectors of tourism industry. For instance, Lubee (2003) lauds the effective partnership between South African government and private enterprises for enhanced development in the nation’s tourism industry. The government works well with different private entities, including the Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa (FEDHASA), the Tourism Business Council of South Africa (TBCSA), and the Regional Tourism Organization of Southern Africa (RETOSA), among others. Each of these organizations represents specific private investors, implying that collaborative efforts consider contributions of from every market player. In effect, they are in a position to come up with tourism development policies that take into account the different interests of each group. Disadvantages Public-private partnership involves extensive consultation among agents from different regions and sectors of the tourism industry, which tends to slow down decision-making process. As Huybers (2007) argues, agents or representatives come with interests of their members, implying that they need to represent the issues for the other partners to discuss and express their opinions. In many instances, achieving consensus in such situations (even for smaller issues) becomes a challenge. In many developing nations, private organizations do not trust state institutions due to issues of misuse of power by public officers, corruption, and excessive bureaucracy. This mistrust may permeate into the partnership, implying that the private agents may not be willing to agree with the government on matters concerning tourism project funding. This greatly limits the ability of the partnership to make positive impacts in the tourism industry. For instance, Kenya does not have strong public-private par tnership due to mistrust between the two agents. The country ranks among the most corrupt nations in the world, making it hard for private institutions to trust the willingness and commitment to spend funds rightfully for the expected development activities. In some cases, some private enterprises have shied away from engaging in any form of partnership, fearing that corrupt government officials may affect public image of the businesses. One of the most effective ways for the Kenyan government to get out of this problem is to fight corruption at every level of the state tourism institutions to improve its image among the other stakeholders. It needs to develop and implement effective internal controls to enhance corporate governance structures in the sector. This may encourage private agents to begin trusting the government, which may see the country exploit sustainably its wide-ranging sites of tourist attractions. Conclusion In third world countries, the level of government influence depends on the perceived economic importance that tourism holds in the overall economy and the extent of the relationships between different government institutions as well as political, social, and cultural characteristics of the nations. Government plans for all major development activities and operations in the tourism industry. For example, Kenyan government released its tourism strategic plan for the period from 2008 to 2012, showing how the government expects to promote its tourist attractions, fund development of its tourism sector, and monitor tourist operations. Government also manages or coordinates different stakeholders involved in the industry to ensure smooth operations in the sector. It formulates various legislations to control tourism operations in an effort to promote development in the sector, type and nature of stakeholders to participate in the industry, to establish and conserve natural endowments perce ived as tourist attractions. Moreover, government invests heavily in tourism industry to complement investment efforts by the private individuals and organizations. Government role as a facilitator of tourism development ensures security and safety of tourists and tourism operators and their investments. Besides government, other parties in Third World countries play significant roles in tourism industry. Environmental conservation remains the major role of local societies, as they coexist with various tourist attractions available in their country. Local people may invest into the tourism industry as private investors or partner with government, NGOs, and international agencies to establish projects that foster tourism development. The major contributions of the private enterprises include investments in the travel and hotel and accommodation industries. Media’s role in the sector involves marketing and bringing awareness among all stakeholders about the tourism in emerging or Third World nations. NGOs play an essential complementary role of facilitating and advocating for sustainable and equitable tourism development. The major duty of global agencies entails scrutinizing tourism developments in those nations to ensure that they conform to standards acceptable globally. WTO represents the only international agency responsible for coordinating all facets of tourism development in the globe. The nature of tourism industry calls for a positive relationship between government institutions and non-governmental agents for sustained development. Private agents, particularly local communities and enterprises directly affected by the problem, stand in a better position to understand the issue effectively. However, it involves extensive consultation among agents from different regions and sectors of the tourism industry, which tends to slow down decision-making process. At writing company you can order your custom research papers on various topics you need. All you need is to place an order at our website!

Privatized Prisons in the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Privatized Prisons in the US - Research Paper Example This discussion will look into the advantages and disadvantages regarding both systems. The private prison experiment has lasted nearly three decades in the U.S., long enough to make conclusions about the effectiveness and overall impact on state and local governments. Privatized prisons have experienced dynamic growth in recent years but the concept, at least in part, has been around for a long time. During the 1800’s, some states entered into contracts with private groups to lease inmate labor. Leasing prisoners occurred on a fairly routine basis but the system and the inmates, as might be expected, were subject to widespread abuses. Because of this, the prisoner lease system came to an end in 1920’s during the Progressive Era. Until recently the fast growth in the prison and jail populations generated extraordinary opportunities for entrepreneurs to own and operate prisons beginning in the 1980s. The concept of privatization became a topic of public discussion in the mid-1980s, when the newly formed Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) proposed to the State of Tennessee’s to operate its entire prison system. The State paid CCA $250 million dollars on a 99-year deal. In return, CCA would lodge the state’s prisoners for an annually negotiated per-inmate payment. In addition, CCA would insure that the prisons it operated would meet the criterion establish by the same federal judge who had earlier determined that the state’s prison system violated of the U.S. Constitution due to the sub-standard conditions of confinement. (McDonald, et al. 1998) CCA’s relationship with Tennessee started the privatization boom that spread across the nation. Other states were experiencing similar issues with overcrowding and the problems associated with it therefore happy to hand the operation of prisons over to an outside entity. Many have questioned the legality of privatization, arguing the practice does not square with e Constituti on. While the legality of governments assigning correctional authority to private corporations was broadly argued in the 1980s, it now seems that opposition to prison privatization, at least on a constitutional basis, has no merit. Unless a government has positively no convincing statutory authority for entering into contracts with private prison companies, courts will be hesitant to nullify those contacts on grounds of delegation. â€Å"Only delegated rulemaking and adjudication functions that directly purport to exercise a government power are deemed to require special constitutional due process safeguards and to be subject to heightened judicial scrutiny.† (McDonald, et al. 1998) No clear case law has been developed to define with precision how general due process standards will be applied to private prisons. The U.S. has the higher incarceration rate than any other in the world and is paying more than $3 billion a year to the private prison industry. These two facts are i nterrelated in an intentional and disturbing way. According to a study recently completed by the Justice Policy Institute (JPI), America’s two largest private prison corporations, GEO Group and CCA collectively pocketed annual incomes of $2.9 billion in 2010. The JPI issued a report based on the study called â€Å"Gaming the System.† It reveals that during the past decade, the number of prisoners housed in private